Cultural Dimensions of Brand Equity Formation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2256 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF BRAND EQUITY FORMATION: Research Design and Methodology Research Method Both qualitative and quantitative methods will be undertaken for data collection and data will be analyzed throughout the investigation process. Mixed methods approach is applied when the researcher tends to base knowledge on pragmatic grounds (e.g., consequence oriented research); In this study a mixture of qualitative research via semi-structured in depth interviews will be conducted along with a quantitative research using a Likert scale structured questionnaire Qualitative Research Qualitative research often has the aim of description and researchers may follow-up with examinations of why the observations exist and what the implications of the findings are. To extract deeper understandings of what in reality e: commerce managers, marketing managers, brand managers consultants and social media experts think about image branding, its impact on brand equity and e-business, and the role of cultural and marketing factors on brand equity formation The examined population consists of e: commerce managers, marketing managers, brand managers consultants and social media experts related to the Greek insurance market. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cultural Dimensions of Brand Equity Formation" essay for you Create order They are specialized in the insurance market dealing with insurance products and services and they have determined opinions related to their experiences. A non-probability sample will be used to facilitate the qualitative research method. Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher (Castillo, 2009). From the examined population a small sample will be selected consisted of 25 experienced professionals, more specific 7 e: commerce managers, 7 brand managers, 3 marketing managers, 3 brand consultants, 3 social media experts and 2 top executives from the insurance market (managing directors). The insurance companies which will participate in the study are: Allianz, Interamerican, Alico, Metro Life, Groupama à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Phoenix, Ethiniki Asfalistiki, Minetta, Generali . These are international insurance companies with rich clientele along with sufficient busi ness activities in the insurance market. . The selected research participants will be contacted through a semi-structured interview that will compose the topic guide for the qualitative research. In order to collect all required data for the research, participants will be asked questions which already have prepared and contained in the topic guide along others which will arise during the interview. Interviewing was chosen for the current project for the following reasons: It provides the opportunity to generate rich data; Language use by participants was considered essential in gaining insight into their perceptions and values; Contextual and relational aspects were seen as significant to understanding othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ percept ions; Data generated can be analyzed in different ways. The medium that will be used to extract data from the participants of the sample will be the topic guide, consisting of questions that are relevant to the examined topic and will enlighten the particular research with unbiased, valid and reliable data- internal consistency and inter-codersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ realibility will be secured (Miles and Huberman, 1994). Participants will be asked about image branding, its impact on brand equity and e-business. Also participants will be asked to clarify and answer the following issues: Understand the effectiveness of branding impact in Greece as far as marketing insurance products in the internet; examine how industry experts react to brands, brand image, brand equity in a culturally diversified markets like Greece in presence of different consumer groups and minorities; examine if e-business can increase the performance of the insurance products and services within different minority consumer groups; identify whether cultural factors such as Long-term orientation, Masculinity, Collectivism, and marketing factors such as brand identity, brand meaning, brand response and brand relationships) will play a role in brand equity formation and development within the culturally diversified Greek Market; examine the level of importance that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"localisingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ brand strategies play in the Greek Insurance market; assess the importance of aforementioned cultural factors and its impact on consumer behaviour as far as purchasing insurance products and services over the internet Coding is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“systematic way of developing and refining interpretations of the dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Taylor and Bogdan, 1984,p.136). The fist step is to use emergent coding after examining interview data we will create appropriate codes that make them relevant to the work (Miles and Huberman, 1994). The second part of this coding process is to review all the field notes, summary sheets, transcripts and other documentation, allocating codes to the various statements and sections of reports. Emergent coding will be used in order the better classification and comprehension of the given answer s. Collected data will be analysed throughout the process of investigation. When coding is completed, the analyst prepares reports via a mix of: summarizing the prevalence of codes, discussing similarities and differences or comparing the relationship between one or more codes. Open-ended data, which usually consists of phrases, sentences and short paragraphs is usually subjected to content analysis and notions of inter-rater reliability are employed (Flick, (1998); Taylor Bogdan (1998); Reis Judd, (2000).Content analysis will follow the coding process. Content analysis method allowed the researcher to make replicable and valid inferences from the interview data and blog content (Kippendorff, 2004). Creswell (2002) points out that the advantage of using content analysis is that the researcher can gain in-depth understating of the language and words of the documents under investigation. Using this analysis we will identify from the transcripts the extracts of data and sort out th e important messages hidden in the mass of each interview. Each interview will be coded by highlighting the relevant word or phrase, and additional comments in the form of codes will be added to the side of the document. Hostli (1968, p608) describes content analysis as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“any technique for making inferences by systematically and objectively identifying special characteristics of a message. Quantitative Research The quantitative research method is aiming in gaining a clear image about the relationship between brand image, its impact on brand equity and e-business, and the role of cultural and marketing factors on brand equity formation by examining consumer judgment and feelings. That is possible by investigating the impression they perceived, for image and equity building process. More specifically, the instrument will focus on the examination of how consumers react to brands, brand image, brand equity in a culturally diversified markets like Greece; examin e if different minority consumer groups can purchase on line insurance products and services from insurance companies; identify cultural factors such as long-term orientation, masculinity, collectivism, and marketing factors such as brand identity, brand meaning, brand response and brand relationships) play a role in brand equity formation and development in the culturally diversified Greek Insurance Market; identify if consumer behaviour of different ethnic groups will be awaken by the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"localisedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ nature of brand strategies adopted by the insurance companies; assess the importance of aforementioned cultural factors and its impact on consumer behaviour as far as purchasing insurance products and services over the internet For this study a self administered questionnaire will be distributed to the participants. A population can be defined as including all people or items with the characteristic that needed to be examined. The people comprising the population of the survey are all possible insurance policy recipients who use e: commerce to purchase insurance services. Many customers use e: commerce application in order to purchase insurance services, so they are the certified population to answer what they think and how they form their image concerning insurance products and services, how they interpret brand equity and how they perceive the brand equity formation process, why they use e-business in selecting insurance products, and how cultural and marketing factors influence their purchasing habits. ISample will be selected randomly from the examined population. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The larger your sample size, the lower the likely error in generalizing to the populationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. (Saunders and Lewis and Thornhill, 2009, pg. 210), that is why a sample of approximately 400 participants will be used for the survey. A self-administered group of questions comprising the questionnaire will be distributed to each member of the sample in order to get specific answers that will enlighten the investigated survey. When creating a questionnaire, it should always start with what are the aims and objectives of the study (Altinay and Paraskevas, 2003, p.120-121). To test the content validity of the instrument, 5 people will be selected in order to have a pilot testing. Pilot testing is produced in order to test if each question measures what was supposed to measure, if all words are understood and if all respondents interpret the question in the same way (Taylor, 2008). Bibliography Aaker, D. A. (1991). Managing Brand Equity, Free Press, New York Allan, T. (2000). Not much marketing before its time. Brandweek, 41 (18), 46-60. 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W., (2003), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approachesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Second Edition, Sage Publications, Chennai, India Dannhaeuser, N. (1987). Marketing systems rural development: A review of consumer goods distribution. Human Organization, 46 (2), 177-85. Davis, S.M. (2000) Brand Asset Management. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Denzin N. K. and Lincoln Y. S., (2005), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  , (3rded.), Sage.Joan, Thousand Oaks, CA DiMingo, E. (1988). The fine art of positioning. Journal of Business Strategy, 9 (March-April), 34-38 Douglas, S.P. Wind, Y. (1987). The myth of globalization. Columbia Journal of World Business, 22 (4), 19-29. Gardner, B.B. Levy, L.J. (1955). The product and the brand. Harvard Business Review, 33 (March-April), 33-39. Haigh, D. (1999) Understanding the Financial Value of Brands. Brussels: European Association of Advertising Agencies. Hostli O. 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Jaworski, B.J., MacInnis, D.J. (1986). Strategic brand concept-image management. Journal of Marketing, 50 (October), 135-45. Park, C.S. Srinivasan, V. (1994) A survey-based method for measuring and understandingbrand equity and its extendibility. Journal of Marketing Research, 31, 2, pp. 271à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"288. Pelissier R., (2008), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Business Research Made Easyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Juta Co, NY. Porter, M. (1980) Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York: Free Press, 1980. Preference, and Purchase Intent,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Journal of Advertising, 24 (3). 25-40. Reilly M.D. Wallendorf, M. (1987). A comparison of group differences in food consumption using household refuse. Journal of Consumer Research, 14 (September), 289-94. Reynolds, T.J., Gutman J. (1984). Advertising as image management. Journal of Advertising Research, 24 (February-March), 27-38. Reynolds, T.J. Phillips, C.B. (2005) In search of true brand equity metrics: all market share ainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t created equally. Journal of Advertising Research, 45, 2, pp. 171à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"186. Saunders M. and Lewis P. and Thornhill A., (2009), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Research Methods for Business Studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, New York Shields P. M. and Rangarajan N., (2013), A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management, Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press. Note Shields Simon, C.J., Sullivan, M.W. (1993). The measurement and determinants of brand equity: A financial approach. Marketing Science, 12 (Winter), 28-52. Smith, D.C., Park C.W. (1992). The effects of brand extensions on market share and advertising efficiency. Journal of Marketing Research, 29 (August), 296-313. Snieder R. and Larner K., (2009), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Art of Being a Scientist: A Guide for Graduate Srivastava, R. K. Shocker A. D. (1991). Brand Equity: A Perspective on its Meaning and Measurement, Marketing Science Institute, Cambridge Mass.. Society of Actuaries, International News , April 2011-Issue 53 Students and their Mentorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Statistics Canada, October 1998,Statistics Canada Quality Guidelines, 3rd edition, p7 Steinberg, J.I. Klein A.L. (1998). Global branding: Look before you leap. Brandweek, 39 (43), 30-32. Tan, C.T., Farley, J.U. (1987). The impact of cultural patterns on cognition and intention in Singapore. Journal of Consumer Research, 13 (4), 540-44. Taylor E. Powell, (10-08), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Program Development and Evaluationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension Tse, D.K., Wong, J.K., Tan, C.T. (1988). Toward some standardization cross cultural consumption values. In M.J. Houston (Ed.), Advances in consumer research, Vol. 15, pp. 387-95. Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research Van Osselaer, S. M. J. Alba J. W. (2000).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Consumer Learning and Brand Equity,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Journal of Consumer Research, 27 (1). 1-16. 1988 Palmer.C Using IT for competitive advantage at Thomson Holidays, Long range Planning Vol 21 No.6 p26-29, Institute of Strategic Studies Journal,London- Pergamon Press [now Elsevier.B.V.] December 1988. Mooji MD (2010) Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes (3rdedition) London, Sage Publications. Flick, U. (1998). An introduction to qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA.: SAGE Publications, Inc. Gubrium, J. F. Holstein, J. A. (eds.) (2003). Postmodern interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA.: SAGE Publications, Inc. Reis, H. T. Judd, C. M. (eds.) (2000). Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Taylor, S. T. Bogdan, R. (1998). Introduction to qualitative research methods 3rd edition). New York, NY: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 1831 Words

In Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck struggles to conform to society’s views and expectations. Society pressures Huck Finn into earning a standard education, but through his worldly knowledge and common sense, he can view the world differently than the people around him. Through his perspective on Southern society, Huck struggles to accept the moral beliefs that have been instilled upon him at birth because he befriends an African American slave. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain effectively uses the motif of dead bodies to suggest that truth finally reveals the inconsistencies in society through Huck’s common sense. In multiple studies of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, many critics have closely examined Huck Finn’s struggles to conform to society’s expectation because he becomes conflicted between his true ideals and the ideals society has forced upon him. According to Johnson, Huck has his own flaws: He rarely t ells the truth, he steals, and he is gullible, particularly when it comes to superstition. But when faced with a dire situation, Huck usually does the right thing† (75). Although Huck repeatedly finds himself to be conflicted with Southern ideals at the end of the novel, Huck finally decides to follow his own beliefs. Davis states that, â€Å"Through Huck s innocent descriptions of white misbehavior, Huckleberry Finn implicitly condemns not only individual white characters but also the culture that they represent. Huck rarely fullyShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. 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Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more thanRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1335 Words   |  6 Pagesyear The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is placed in the top ten banned books in America. People find the novel to be oppressing and racially insensitive due to its frequent use of the n-word and the portrayal of blacks as a Sambo caricature. However, this goes against Mark Twain’s intent of bringing awareness to the racism in America. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is classified under the genre of satire and is narrated by a fictional character named Huckleberry Finn. The novel

Security Analysis Of Wesfarmers Llimited †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Security Analysis Of Wesfarmers Llimited. Answer: Introduction: Investors invest into the financial securities and in the market to enhance the worth of their invested money. So, it becomes necessary for the investors to look over the up and down in the market, analysis of market, security analysis etc before funding in that security. This would help the company to save themselves from any sudden risk. Various tools could be used by the investors and the analysts to find the best security in the market such as gearing ratios, WACC, cost of equity and debt, market growth, market return, risk free rate etc. which helps the investors to make a better decision by considering the performance and profitability of that security (Hillier, Grinblatt and Titman, 2011). Wesfarmers: For this report, Wesfarmers limited has been taken into consideration. This company has been registered into the Australian stock exchange. Wesfarmers limited is one of the largest companies in the Australian retail industry. According to annual report of the company, revenue of the company has been enhanced to $ 56.93 billion. Currently, this company has been recognized as biggest empowerment company. This company offers its product into the supermarket of Australia and it is also operating its business in other countries as well. Calculation of WACC: For analyzing the value of the company and the security of the company, WACC has been calculated. For calculating the WACC, it is required for the investor to calculate various other factors as well such as cost of equity and debt, market growth, market return, risk free rate etc. the analysis and calculation of all of the above are as follows: Return on equity: Return on equity is calculated to investigate the value of equity of the company. This analysis depict about the entire cost which occurred in the company, if company enhances the funds from the equity. In this calculation, per share unit cost has been analyzed. Dividend discount model and CAPM model has been investigated for this report. Dividend discount model: DDMs calculation depict that Wesfarmers return on equity (ROE) is 2.014%. According to this, company would have to pay the total 2.014% of net profit as cost of equity to the shareholders (Morningstar, 2017). CAPM Model: CAPMs calculation depict that Wesfarmers return on equity (ROE) is 2.715%. According to this, company would have to pay the total 2.715% of net profit as cost of equity to the shareholders (Morningstar, 2017). Return on debt: Return on debt is calculated to investigate the value of debt of the company. This analysis depict about the entire cost which occurred in the company, if company enhances the funds from the debt. In this calculation, total cost of debt has been analyzed (Weygandt et al, 2015). According to these calculations, currently company is paying total 0.000973 from net profit to the debt holders of the company. Beta Coefficients: In addition, for calculating the WACC of Wesfarmers, beta coefficient has been measured. Currently, companys beta of last 5 years is 0.022795 (Yahoo finance, 2017). The graph of beta has been given below: Risk free rate: 10 years risk free rate (Rf) of the Australia is 2.75% (Bloomberg, 2017). G (Growth rate): Wesfarmers shares growth rate of each year has been analyzed. Currently, the growth rate is 5% of the company. WACC: Through the above calculation, it has been found that the weighted average cost of capital of Wesfarmers is 0.0192. For calculating the WACC of the company, cost of equity and debt, market growth, market return, risk free rate etc has been calculated. The calculation of every factor is in the appendix. Through the cost of debt and cost of equity of the company, it has been found that the cost of debt is quite lower than the cost of equity off the company (yahoo finance, 2017). Calculation of gearing ratios: Gearing ratio of a company is calculated according to the assets, equity, and debt of the company. This depict about the stability of the company in terms of finance. Gearing ratio has been calculated over Wesfarmers and it has been found that the gearing ratio is 0.19385 means 19.39% which is very lower and thus it could be said that the stability of the company is quite strong in terms of finance (Parrino, Kidwell and Bates, 2011). Various factors and figures have been investigated before for this analysis such as equity of the company, total assets and liabilities of the company, current liabilities of the company etc. It has been found that the gearing ratio is the best way to analyze the economical stability and financial stability of the company. Not any issues have been faced while calculating the gearing ratios of the company. Entire figures have been easily found from the annual reports of the company. The company is very stable so it would be beneficial for the investor to invest in this company. Findings: Decisions related to capital structure of a company are usually taken by the financial manager of a company as they have enough knowledge about the debt and equity ratio, gearing ratio, cost of capital etc. the decision made by them over the capital structure is way better (Strebulaev, 2007). Capital structure includes debt and equity of a company. The capital structure of a company could be best if the better combination is made of debt and equity. This impacts the total cost of capital of the company as the cost of debt is different and the cost of equity is also different. This analysis expresses that Wesfarmers capital structure ratio is quite impressive and financial risk of the company is lower still company could reduce the total cost through raising the funds more from debt. Company could raise the funds till 40% as till that level the financial stability of the company would be in control and the cost reduction could also been done. Recommendation: Thus according to the weighted average cost of capital and the gearing ratio of the company, it has been found that the company is performing well and company is just required to enhance the funds from debt to reduce the cost of capital and manage the financial stability of the company. References: Bloomberg. (2017). Australian bonds and rates. https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/rates-bonds/government-bonds/australia on 18th Sept 2017. Morningstar. (2017). Wesfarmers limited. Viewed from https://financials.morningstar.com/valuation/price-ratio.html?t=WESregion=ausculture=en-US on 25th Sept 2017. Reuters. (2017). Wesfarmers limited. Viewed from https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview?symbol=WES.AX on 25h Sept 2017. Wesfarmers. (2017). Home. Viewed from https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/ on 25th Sept 2017. Yahoo Finance. (2017). Wesfarmers limited. Viewed from https://au.finance.yahoo.com/quote/WES.AX?p=WES.AX on 25th Sept 2017. Strebulaev, I. A. (2007). Do tests of capital structure theory mean what they say?. The Journal of Finance, 62(4), 1747-1787. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D.S. and Bates, T. (2011).Fundamentals of corporate finance. John Wiley Sons. Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2015).Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons. Hillier, D., Grinblatt, M. and Titman, S., (2011).Financial markets and corporate strategy. McGraw Hill.

Louisiana Purchase Essays - Great Plains, Midwestern United States

Louisiana Purchase Several great American Statesmen were pivotal in shaping and molding the government of the United States. History has since forgotten some of these founding fathers. The ones remembered throughout history are those we hold up for their accomplishments. Thomas Jefferson is one of the American Statesmen that stands out from the rest as being one of the greatest contributors to our present form of government. Historian Robert Tucker described Jefferson's life as being a paradox. He was a slave holder that was not necessarily in favor of this form of servitude. He also associated himself with the yeoman farmer, yet he traveled in company with a cosmopolitan flair. So it is to this President that we look to as he faced one of his greatest dilemmas. Jefferson, the third President of the United States, remembered primarily for two great accomplishments: he authored the Declaration of Independence and made the greatest land acquisition in our nation's history, the Louisiana Purchase. Both subjects, have been written about extensively, yet one question persists: did Thomas Jefferson exceed his fiduciary duty to the Constitution of the United States when he started the proceedings that led to the Louisiana Purchase? Thomas Jefferson was a pragmatic, articulate, and, at times, capricious leader of a young nation that had recently gained its freedom from the monarchical Great Britain. Jefferson, a Democratic Republican, made his ascension to the presidency at a time when the Federalist Party was in decline. The Louisiana Purchase would bring a great deal of discomfort to the Party. The only opposition to the purchase would consequently be the Federalist Party which, ironically, had always been in favor of a broad construction of the Constitution. The broad constructionist believed that the Constitution held implied powers to the central government. The people who interpreted the Constitution in this fashion backed the notion of strong centralization of power. The strict constructionist, like Jefferson, believed that if something in the Constitution was not described then it was unconstitutional. They also feared the abuse of power obtainable by the central government by a broad interpretation of the Constitution. Since 1493, France and Spain alternately held the Louisiana Territory. Towards the end of the 18th century the jurisdiction of the territory was under Spanish rule. New troubles were brewing on the European continent and the Americans feared that the Louisiana Territory would fall into the hands of the British. This would place the British on three sides of the Americans and they were prepared to go to war to avoid this. The Spaniards, uncertain of their British ally and fearing an insurrection from within the Louisiana Territory, signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo or Pinckney's Treaty with the Americans in 1795. Under terms of the treaty, Americans were allowed to deposit goods for overseas shipment at the port of New Orleans free of duty. The Spanish also ceded control of the Ohio River Valley to the Americans. This pleased the majority of Americans who were in favor of westward expansion, many of who were by now settling illegally in the Louisiana Territory. Securing the Mississippi River for commercial purposes was of the greatest importance to most Americans at the time. The desired peace of the country to be protected from outside interference was also the goal of those in favor of expansion. In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the French government and assumed control of France and her colonies. Bonaparte was anxious to build a western empire, perhaps to make up for his previous losses in Egypt. Bonaparte saw the conquest of the Caribbean island of Santo Domingo as his first step in his western expansion efforts. From Santo Domingo the French could support troops that they intended to post in New Orleans. By early 1801 American whites made up more than half of the population in upper Louisiana. In 1802 the first migration of Americans west of the Mississippi River begun and by now the Americans looked to wrest the Louisiana Territory away from the Spanish. To this dream of conquest of the Spaniards by Americans is to what Jefferson responded. He was not alone in his supposition of the need for expansion. Indeed, the one area that Jefferson and his

Biography of Lenny Bruce

Biography of Lenny Bruce Lenny Bruce is considered one of the most influential comedians of all time as well as a notable social critic of the mid-20th century. Yet during his troubled life he was often criticized, persecuted by the authorities, and shunned by the entertainment mainstream. In the conservative America of the late 1950s, Bruce emerged as a leading proponent of what was called sick humor. The term referred to comics who stepped out beyond stock jokes to poke fun at the rigid conventions of American society. Within a few years, Bruce gained a following by skewering what he considered the underlying  hypocrisy of American society. He denounced racists and bigots, and performed routines focused on societal taboos, which included sexual practices, drug and alcohol use, and specific words considered unacceptable in polite society. His own drug use brought legal problems. And as he became famous for using forbidden language, he was often arrested for public obscenity. Ultimately, his endless legal hassles doomed his career, as clubs were dissuaded from hiring him. And when he did perform in public, he became prone to ranting onstage about being persecuted. Lenny Bruces legendary status developed years after his death in 1966 from a drug overdose at the age of 40. His short and troubled life was the subject of the 1974 film, Lenny, starring Dustin Hoffman. The film, which was nominated for an Oscar for Best Picture, was based on a Broadway play, which had opened in 1971. The same comedy bits  which had gotten Lenny Bruce arrested in the early 1960s were prominently featured in respected works of dramatic art in the early 1970s. The legacy of Lenny Bruce endured. Comedians such as George Carlin and Richard Pryor were considered his successors.  Bob Dylan, who had seen him perform in the early 1960s, eventually wrote a song recalling a taxi ride they had shared.  And, of course, numerous comedians have cited Lenny Bruce as an enduring influence. Early Life Lenny Bruce was born as Leonard Alfred Schneider in Mineola, New York on October 13, 1925. His parents split up when he was five. His mother, born Sadie Kitchenburg, eventually became a performer, working as an emcee at strip clubs. His father, Myron Mickey Schneider, was a podiatrist. As a child, Lenny was fascinated by movies and the very popular radio programs of the day. He never finished high school, but with World War II raging, he enlisted in the U.S. Navy in 1942. In the Navy Bruce began performing for fellow sailors. After four years of service, he obtained a discharge from the Navy by claiming to have homosexual urges. (He later regretted that, and was able to have his discharge status changed from dishonorable to honorable.) Returning to civilian life, he began to aspire toward a show business career. For a time he took acting lessons. But with his mother performing as a comedian under the name Sally Marr, he was exposed to clubs in New York City. He got onstage one night in a club in Brooklyn, doing impressions of movie stars and telling jokes. He  got some laughs. The experience got him hooked on performing and he became determined to become a professional comedian. In the late 1940s he worked as a typical comedian of the era, doing stock jokes and performing at Catskills resorts and in nightclubs in the northeast. He tried out various stage names and eventually settled on Lenny Bruce. In 1949 he won a contest for aspiring performers on Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts, a very popular radio program (which was also simulcast to a smaller television audience). That bit of success on a program hosted by one of the most popular entertainers in America seemed to put Bruce on the road to becoming a mainstream comedian. Yet the Godfrey show triumph attention quickly. And Bruce spent years in the early 1950s bouncing around as a traveling comedian, often performing in strip clubs where the audience didnt really care what the opening comic had to say. He married a stripper he met on the road, and they had a daughter. The couple divorced in 1957, just before Bruce found his footing as a prominent performer of a new style of comedy. Sick Humor The term sick humor was coined in the late 1950s and was used loosely to describe comedians who broke out of the mold of patter and banal jokes about ones mother-in-law. Mort Sahl, who gained fame as a stand-up comedian doing political satire, was the best-known of the new comedians. Sahl broke the old conventions by delivering thoughtful jokes which were not in a predictable pattern of set-up and punch-line. Lenny Bruce, who had come up as a fast-talking ethnic New York comedian, did not entirely break away from the old conventions at first. He sprinkled his delivery with Yiddish terms that many New York comedians might have used, but he also tossed in language he had picked up from the hipster scene on the West Coast. Clubs in California, particularly in San Francisco, were where he developed the persona that propelled him to success and, ultimately, endless controversy. With Beat writers such as Jack Kerouac gaining attention, and a small anti-establishment movement forming, Bruce would get onstage and engage in stand-up comedy that had a more free-form feel than anything else found in nightclubs. And the targets of his humor were different. Bruce commented on race relations, skewering the segregationists of the South. He began to mock religion. And he cracked jokes which indicated a familiarity of the drug culture of the day. His routines in the late 1950s would sound almost quaint by todays standards. But to mainstream America, which got its comedy from I Love Lucy or Doris Day movies, Lenny Bruces irreverence was disturbing. A television appearance on a popular nighttime talk show hosted by Steve Allen in 1959 seemed as if it would be a big break for Bruce. Viewed today, his appearance seems tame. He comes off as something of a meek and nervous observer of American life. Yet he spoke about topics, like children sniffing glue, that was certain to offend many viewers. Months later, appearing on a television program hosted by Playboy magazine publisher Hugh Hefner, Bruce spoke well of Steve Allen. But he poked fun at the network censors who had prevented him from performing some of his material. The television appearances in the late 1950s underlined an essential dilemma for Lenny Bruce. As he began to achieve something close to mainstream popularity, he rebelled against it. His persona as someone in show business, and familiar with its conventions, yet actively breaking the rules, endeared him to a growing audience which was beginning to rebel against what was termed square America. Success and Persecution In the late 1950s comedy albums became popular with the public, and Lenny Bruce found countless new fans by releasing recordings of his nightclub routines. On March 9, 1959, Billboard, the leading trade magazine of the recording industry, published a brief review of a new Lenny Bruce album, The Sick Humor of Lenny Bruce,  that, amid strained show-business slang, favorably compared him to a legendary cartoonist for the New Yorker magazine: Off-beat comic Lenny Bruce has the Charles Addams knack of getting guffaws from ghoulish topics. No subject is too sacred for his rib-tickling efforts. His odd brand of humor grows on the listener and is currently growing on nitery crowds to a degree that hes becoming a favorite at the smart spots. Albums four-color cover shot is an eye stopper and sums up Bruces off-beatnik comedy: Hes shown enjoying a picnic spread in a graveyard. In December 1960 Lenny Bruce performed at a club in New York and received a generally positive review in the New York Times. Critic Arthur Gelb, was careful to warn readers that Bruces act was for adults only. Yet he favorably likened him to a panther who prowls softly and bites sharply. The New York Times review noted how peculiar Bruces act seemed at the time: Although he seems at times to be doing his utmost to antagonize his audience, Mr. Bruce displays such a patent air of morality beneath his brashness that his lapses in taste are often forgivable. The question, though, is whether the kind of derisive shock therapy he administers are legitimate night-club fare, as far as the typical customer is concerned. And, the newspaper noted that he was courting controversy: He often carries his theories to their naked and personal conclusions and has earned for his pains the sobriquet sick. He is a ferocious man who does not believe in the sanctity of motherhood or the American Medical Association. He even has an unkind word for Smoky, the Bear. True, Smoky doesnt set forest fires, Mr. Bruce concedes. But he eats Boy Scouts for their hats. With such prominent publicity, it appeared Lenny Bruce was positioned to be a major star. And in 1961, he even reached something of a pinnacle for a performer, playing a show at Carnegie Hall. Yet his rebellious nature led him to continue breaking boundaries. And soon his audiences often contained detectives from local vice squads looking to arrest him for using obscene language. He was busted  in various cities on charges of public obscenity, and became mired in court fights. After an arrest following a performance in New York City in 1964, a petition was circulated on his behalf. Writers and prominent intellectuals, including Norman Mailer, Robert Lowell, Lionel Trilling, Allen Ginsberg, and others signed the petition. The support of the creative community was welcome, yet it didnt solve a major career problem: with the threat of arrest always seeming to hang over him, and local police departments determined to hassle Bruce and anyone dealing with him, nightclub owners were intimidated. His bookings dried up. As his legal headaches multiplied, Bruces drug use seemed to accelerate. And, when he did take the stage his performances became erratic. He could be brilliant onstage, or on some nights he could appear confused and unfunny, ranting about his court battles. What had been fresh in the late 1950s, a witty rebellion against conventional American life, descended into a sad spectacle of a paranoid and persecuted man lashing out at his antagonists. Death and Legacy On August 3, 1966, Lenny Bruce was discovered dead in his house in Hollywood, California.  An obituary in the New York Times mentioned that as his legal problems began to mount in 1964 he had only earned $6,000 performing. Four years earlier he had earned more than $100,000 per year. The probable cause of death was noted to be an overdose of narcotics. The noted record producer Phil Spector  (who, decades later, would be convicted of murder)  placed a memorial ad in the August 20, 1966 issue of Billboard. The text began: Lenny Bruce is dead. He died from an overdose of police. However, his art and what he said is still alive. No one need any longer be subjected to unfair intimidation for selling Lenny Bruce albums - Lenny can no longer point the finger of truth at anyone. The memory of Lenny Bruce, of course, endures. Later comedians followed his lead and freely used language that once drew detectives to Bruces shows. And his pioneering efforts to move stand-up comedy beyond trite one-liners to thoughtful commentary on important issues became part of the American mainstream.

Sexual Expression Essays

Sexual Expression Essays Sexual Expression Essay Sexual Expression Essay When one speaks of sexual expression, the increasing phenomenon among humans is greatly affected by changes in sexual behavior and attitudes which suggests that expression comes to lie near the core of energy that structures the society (Schwartz, 1998: 191). Humans with a curious nature have produced complicated sexual behaviors more than any animal by experiment; however societies have defined sexual activities in an acceptable realm and tend to limit sexual expression in a manner that society condones. Sexual expression however has greatly increased over time for both men and women thus driving political battles and arguments for and against it. It has likewise enhanced sexual diversity and the acceptance of sexual behavior and union that society and conservatives once shunned and alarmingly regard as inconvenient in a well-principled and moral society. Yet people may have forgotten that sexuality is a positive force that polarized genders and is often dich otomous with human functions (Kottak, 1979: 250). Though sexual behavior varies across regions and cultures, Thomas agrees that environmental and cultural conditions play a significant role in the satisfaction of sexual needs among individuals and groups (1999:77).The human developmental state influences the drive for sexual expression as maturation is achieved when sex organs and glands allow sexual stimulation enhancement coupled with the presence of other sensory stimulus (Thomas, 1999:77). Cultural factors likewise illustrate environmental conditions that are likely interpreted by the individual as the allowance and acceptance of sexual activity as an opportunity to achieve certain goals. The American society who has always been considered as highly egalitarian is inclined to believe that the laws should change with the times and be realistic (Allot, 2005). Nevertheless, personal and social ambivalences, as well as a strong moralistic streak in the different states even to this day tend to complicate and confound the usual American legal approach (Swartz, 1994:351). The ongoing debate regarding marriage for transsexuals has been introduced in the United States by the Federal Marriage Amendment (FMA,2003) which proposes to change the American Constitution’s discrimination against same-sex couples (Allot, 2005). However, most states have absolute bans on same-sex marriage covered by constitutional and state laws except for California, District of Columbia, New Mexico, New York and Rhode Is. (United States data, 2008). Practically, only Vermont and New Hampshire allows same-sex unions although Oregon and Alaska at one point allowed such, recent laws have decided to ban it ultimately.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v8n1/sharpe81_notes.html n66Sexual acts and expression are governed by state laws where most states remains steadfast against public display of sexual behavior sparking heated debates on the validity of classification. In Doe v Ventura, sodomy la ws faced a declaration of violation on the right to privacy that was guaranteed by the Minnesota Constitution under State Laws. This law has now been applied and categorized to private, consensual, noncommercial oral sex and other acts of sodomy by consenting adults, without regard to sexual orientation, including heterosexual married couples. With respect to the principle of evolution, the close similarity between man and primates in sexual expression definitely obeys the laws of nature (Darwin, 2004:551). Were it not for education and morals that society has sought to establish in order to govern man and his sexual behavior, sexual expression would be freely enhanced as a surrounding physiologic condition necessary to life. By the simple observation of primate sex life where sex functions as a source of pleasure and in conflict resolution among the sexually active primates, one sees an inherent sexual activity similar to humans (Darwin, 2004:553). In primate culture where the natu ral order of needs prevails, sexual activity produces a certain kind of bonding that is seen to resolve any aggression where a majority of mating occurs after conflict, thereby projecting a common idea that sex is used as a weapon for submission and control among aggressive primate males particularly of the Bonobo origin (Hamid, 1998:146).In the observance of primate culture and behavior, human behavior can be traced on primate heritage where sexual response is used to reconcile or avoid conflict (Hamid, 1998:147). The human custom of shaking hands where body contact is enhanced among aggressors is seen as the similar behavior among primates of Bonobo origin which uses sexual contact for the resolution of conflicts. Although sexual limitation is practiced among humans through mechanisms of control, behavioral similarities exist but are subdued among humans due to a coherent use of language communication that can help enlighten the degree of understanding. Thus in the study of sexual expression among humans, it is interesting to note and scientifically accepted that several factors work to subdue the natural human sexual response and expression. Such modes of control that the society has established has aroused conflicts but could be subdued by relative forms of conflict resolution. Embracing a primate-led concept might be of help in this aggressive society!

EBusiness Strategy4 - Topic in Instruction Essay

EBusiness Strategy4 - Topic in Instruction - Essay Example While e-business is derived from similar terms such as "e-commerce," and "e-mail", which is also the conduct of business on the Internet, however it does not only encompass purchasing and selling but also providing support for customers and communicating and collaborating with business associates and stakeholders (Rouse, 2005). Without a doubt, e-business is the innovative and revolutionary form of e-commerce. At the present, the majority of business organizations is adopting e-business tools and applications for instance customer relationship management (CRM), enterprise resource planning (ERP) and e-procurement to transform customary business practices into internet supported activities. In addition, a number of researchers have favored this point of view. For instance, e-business and ecommerce work collectively. In this scenario, they form a both front and back-office frameworks that establish the structure of contemporary business. Moreover, the business organizations use e-busin ess as an overall strategy, while e-commerce is believed to be a very important component of e-business strategy (Viehland, 2000). The Internet allows business organizations to without problems look into the external and internal business structure with the purpose of collecting and analyzing data that could be utilized for effective decision making by business executive. In this scenario, these data can be used for making decisions regarding allocation of resources in a way that comply with industry or organizational standards and take the maximum benefit of accessible resources. It is an admitted fact that the use of the Internet allows business organizations to communicate and share data, ideas and decisions easily and quickly. The research has shown that the internet allows business organizations to benchmark from other organizations’ strategies that could be followed to attain certain objectives (Answers Corporation, 2013; Yourdon, 2001, p. 81). Without a doubt, the Inte rnet has significant impact on all the areas of a business. In the same way, it influences the way a business plans its strategies. For instance, the Internet is a huge source of information, and it provides significant information on every topic. The planning for e-business strategy starts with the motivation. Of course, the internet plays a significant role and significantly influences the motivation process. For instance, if the top manager or CEO of a firm (let’s say Company A) visits the web site of amazon.com and impressed by its e-business strategy. In fact, the amazon.com is a huge internet based business and the majority of the Internet users known about this business. In this scenario, this website works as a source of motivation for the CEO of Company A. This source of motivation will force the CEO to establish and plan a strategy that could attract more and more customers (following the example of amazon.com). As discussed above, the Internet is full of informatio n. For instance, if the CEO and management of Company A do not know what strategies and ways Amazon.com Company has adopted to attract a large number of customers then the Internet can help Company A find out ways to process planning steps. In this scenario, the Internet can be used to access information on Amazon’s e-business strategies. In fact, internet will not only provide the information regarding their strategies

Charismatic Leadership Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charismatic Leadership Theory - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that while charismatic leadership theory constitutes one of the major leadership theories, there is a great degree of variety in what research identify as the core elements of this theory. It follows that a multi-perspective approach must be implemented in articulating the various aspects of this leadership model. Charisma was first considered as a construct within a sociological context by the theorist Max Weber who considered it in relation to large-scale change enacted by skilled and mystical individuals in times social crisis; this is notable as Weber’s initial characterization of this theory considered it as requiring both a special individual, as well as an external crisis situation for the core of the charismatic process to occur, Later theories would emphasize less the external circumstances, as the charismatic traits of the leader and their followers. In terms of leadership, the theory was advanced by Conger and Kanungo who considered it in terms of a number of personality factors, including strategic vision and articulation, and sensitivity to environmental context. Since this precedent, charisma has been used and developed as a leadership theory in a variety of contexts. There are a variety of charismatic leadership theories, influenced by Weber’s original articulation of the concept, that incorporates psychological theories as key elements in the leadership model.

Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens and Brick Lane by Monica Ali Essay Example for Free

Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens and Brick Lane by Monica Ali Essay Having read both Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens and Brick Lane by Monica Ali, I am going to concentrate the city question on Brick Lane. Brick Lane tells the story of Nazneen, an eighteen year old moved to London from her rural upbringing in Bangladesh to Tower Hamlets, a close tight community of Bengali families living in blocks of flats struggling to make their way up in the city to earn sufficient money and a civilised upbringing for their children, yet still yearning to go back to their home land. Nazneen is married to Chanu, twenty years older than her, he is educated yet earns his money working as a taxi driver. This novel has clear descriptions of city life, the diversity of the people within and how Nazneen interprets the city from her point of view. There are many ways in which the material conditions of the city are described in this novel, the different areas of the city of London are described from the block of flats where Nazneen lives to the big office blocks in the city centre. City life in this novel begins with Nazneen describing the Tattoo lady who lives in the block of flats opposite her, from here we become familiar with the lack of space and understand the very little room they have in the urban areas of London Most of the flats that closed three sides of a square had net curtains and the life behind them was all shapes and shadows. But the tattoo lady had no curtains at all. Morning and afternoon she sat with her thighs spilling over the sides of her chair. By reading this, it is already forming an idea of the main settings of the novel which are the block of flats, very cramped and close, very little sense of privacy. We also get an idea of the type of people living around the area as well, the tattoo lady is frequently mentioned in the novel, informing us that at least two thirds of the flesh on show was covered in ink. Another material condition of the city we come across in this novel is when Nazneen actually considers visiting the tattoo lady at the flat opposite hers, however such is city life that Nazneen reconsiders this The tattoo lady might be angry at an unwanted interruption. Although this is not an actual object described in the city, from Nazneens thought we get an idea of the type of people she would come across whilst living in the city, it forms the surroundings of the narrative by mentioning Nazneens neighbours. Monica Ali also describes the smell of the surroundings where Nazneen lives The breeze on Nazneens face was thick with the smell from the overflowing communal bins. This material condition most definitely helps to form the surroundings of the novel shaping the condition of the area where Nazneen lives. Although Monica Ali has focused on forming the surroundings of the city where Nazneen lives with the smell and the neighbours, she has also formed the novel with the material conditions of inside the flat where Nazneen lives, in the novel Nazneen spends most of her time inside the flat to sit day after day inside this large box with the furniture to dust, and the muffled sound of private lives sealed away above, below and around her. By giving brief descriptions like this it shapes the scene of the narrative from the beginning of the novel, we are informed of the furniture inside the flat, Nazneen mentions that she has never seen more furniture inside one room, with all this, we are already shaping the narrative with the material conditions inside of Nazneens flat. Whilst living in the city, Nazneen mentions outdoor surroundings quite often, although she spends most of her time inside her flat or at Razias, whenever Nazneen has gone outside the boundaries of her area, we as the are given more description of the actual city conditions There were more cars than people out here; a roaring metal army tearing up the town. By describing the cars as an army tearing up the town, we can immediately shape the city life of the narrative with the pollution and the noise of the cars. We can imagine the dirt and the hustle of the city. The people who passed walked, looked ahead at nothing or looked down at the pavement to negotiate puddles, litter and excrement. This was the material conditions of the city life which helped form the narrative, which helped give the reader an idea of the city life and scenes to which we can imagine Nazneen and her husband walking across. The social life in this novel also helps to form the material conditions of city life and the novel, Nazneens social life throughout the novel consisted of Mrs Islam and Razia gossiping about fellow women, she would often visit Razia at her flat, whilst going to Razias flat we are given descriptions of the surroundings within Nazneens boundary of her estate, we are informed of the group of young Bengali men who stood in the bottom of the stairwell, combing their hair and smoking or making loud, sudden hoots this was the social life the young men had in the city, they would hang around in gangs not achieving much, Nazneen stayed within her boundaries as well, so it gives the reader an impression that social life within a city should be kept in the boundaries that you live in, like a safety barrier. We are also informed of the material conditions of the corridors and stairwells where Nazneen lives, the front doors are mentioned to be the same across the corridors peeling red paint show ing splinters of pale wood, a rectangular panel of glass with wire meshing suspended inside, gold rimmed keyholes and stern black knockers. On the wall someone had drawn a pair of buttocks in thick black pen this helps the reader to form a picture in their minds of the state of city life where Nazneen lives, The stairs gave off a tang of urine Although Nazneen is told to stay within the boundaries of the estate because if she went out people would talk and gossip about her, Nazneen did go out. This was when she got lost, and we as the readers gained more knowledge of the material conditions of city life which formed the narrative, we are told that to get to the other side of the street without being hit by a car was like walking out in the monsoon and hoping to dodge the raindrops. Immediately we can imagine the fast movement of the city, cars going past like buzzing bees, to cross the road, Nazneen waited next to a woman and stepped out with her, like a calf with its mother short descriptions like this form the material conditions of the city life in this novel so skilfully. Throughout the novel, we are not only informed of the material conditions of the city where Nazneen lives or around the area of Bethnal Green, we are also informed of the streets buildings past Brick Lane. She looked up at a building as she passed. It was constructed almost entirely of glass, with a few thin rivets of steel holding it together. The building was without end, above somewhere it crushed the clouds. The material conditions mentioned here are most entirely opposite to the towers described of Tower Hamlets. Although both scenes have very large buildings, the towers in the city centre are described as palaces, with entrances and colonnades across the front this was the diversity of the material conditions of city life which helped form the narrative, because the reader is informed that the city is not the same throughout, every area has its own distinctive features, some parts of the city are very well looked after whereas others such as where Nazneen lives are forgotten ab out. The material conditions of city life in the novel are mentioned to the reader in many ways, we are told of the people that Nazneen walks past when she goes to the city centre every back she saw, was on a private, urgent mission to execute a precise and demanding plan. They could not see her anymore than she could see God from this, we acknowledge the independency of the people in the city. Soon Nazneen realises that she does not fit in with these working people, they are dressed smart, they have coats and handbags whereas Nazneen has a cardigan and a sari, although Nazneen was dressed differently, only one woman noticed she was there and smiled at her. By giving details such as this, Monica Ali has formed and shaped the narrative according to city life, every person with its own mission. So far, throughout the novel, only roads and streets, people and buildings have been mentioned. However when Nazneen does come across some greenery, she says in this city, a bit of grass was something to be guarded, fenced about, as if there were a sprinkling of emeralds sown in among the blades. This, yet again is another material condition of city life, although it is not unpleasant like the conditions in Nazneens area, green grass has not yet been mentioned up until now, and when it has the grass is guarded with fence, so from this, we can imagine the very few places in the city to relax and enjoy the scenery. We also get the indication that in this novel, for Nazneen there is no place for her to get away from everything, the city would not pause even to shrug. Throughout the novel, the descriptions of the city and the buildings given to us by Nazneen have been described just as Nazneen saw them, however, later on in the novel, when Nazneens son becomes ill, whilst in the ambulance van, and with her fear for her son, she mentions The city shattered. Everything was in pieces. She knew it straight away, glimpsed it from the painful white insides of the ambulance. Just as Nazneens heart shattered in pieces, the city did too with her, so she is relating the material conditions of the city with her emotions and giving the reader an image of doom and gloom within the city. Although the material conditions described to us previously in the novel have been mostly doom and gloom anyway, Nazneen has only just implied the greyness and dullness of it along with her emotions. Frantic neon signs. Headlights chasing the dark. An office block, cracked with light. These shards of the broken city. Up until now the city was not mentioned as broken, it was just described as how Nazneen saw it, but now, we get the real image of the city, the material conditions which helped form the narrative The crystal towers and red bricked tombs. The bare-legged girls shivering at the bus stop. Up until now, Nazneen had simply described the different dress code of non Asian females, now that she saw they were at the bus stop bare legged in the early hours of the morning, Nazneen is ridiculed by them, she talks about them along with the broken city. She is giving the reader material conditions of the city which make it so grim. The well fed dogs and bloated pigeons. This is something Nazneen would never see in her homeland Bangladesh, dogs are of no importance and pigeons always a pest. So now, we get to witness Nazneens interpretations of the material conditions of the city life, how she feels it is all wrong compared to h er land. The cars that had screamed alongside the ambulance, urging it on, parting in waves. The cars that had previously been described as an army now screaming, this clearly shows the rage within Nazneen and the material city conditions which she so hates. Throughout the novel, London is not the only city mentioned, with Nazneens sister living in the city in Bangladesh, Dhaka, she often receives letters from Hasina talking about her home, and the surroundings Street is wide and nice. But plastic bag blowing everywhere. Walk in street for five ten minute and by finish you cover in bag on legs and arm and stomach. From this we realise, that city conditions throughout the world are the same. The little things which give the city its status, the material conditions such as bags on the floor is what makes living in a city so different to other places. A wind blew in over the courtyard and fetched up a crisp packet at her feet. Nazneen although she was in a different country to her sister, they were both in the same situation, both living in a city with material conditions such as rubbish on the pavements and non stopping people. To conclude, the material conditions of city life in Brick Lane are mentioned with such metaphors and descriptions which inform the narrative of the surroundings, the people, the scenery and the atmosphere within. The buildings described in so many ways, the smallest details found on the floors to the stairwells of the block of flats.

Psychological and Sociological Aspects :: essays papers

Psychological and Sociological Aspects In the beginning of my freshman semester in college I decided to major in secondary education with a minor in psychology. I made the decision just recently to change my major to sociology for many reasons that relate to research during this course. I am currently enrolled in an educational psychology course as well as an introduction to sociology class. As the semester has progressed, I have gotten deeper into my research for this project. One of the main things that I have taken note of is that much of what I am learning in this course through research is being enhanced by studies we discuss in sociology. The topic â€Å"Students at Risk† is a very broad topic. In psychology class we study the behavioral and mental aspects of dealing with students who have difficulty performing in a structured classroom setting. However, in my sociology class, we touch more upon the environmental and societal effects that are common influences amongst students at risk. I have found th at sociological theories are the basis for labeling those students who have been set up for failure. The study of sociology as it relates to this topic is that environmental and societal negativities can be credited for student failure. With psychology, you are attempting to find reasons within one-self that have caused a delay in ones academic success. It becomes a main issue when dealing with these types of situations to find someone or something to blame for the student’s level of progression. Through research I have found that instead of directing our attention to the cause of the problem, we must exert more energy to finding a solution. â€Å"Learning Disabled?† or â€Å"Slow Learner?† When first approaching this subject I began to explore different behavioral disorders and learning disabilities that would cause a student to be considered â€Å"at risk†. However, before beginning to explore these sub topics in detail I thought it would be helpful to find some information on determining the difference between someone who is just a slow learner, verses someone who has trouble learning because of disability. I came across an article by author Margaret Shepherd that is titled â€Å"Learning Disabled or Slow Learner†? This article details the differences between the learning disabled child and the slow learner, and it is also a plea for caution in the use of the diagnostic term learning disabilities.

Design of a Hall Probe Pressure Transmitter Using Bellows

Design of a Hall Probe Pressure Transmitter using Bellows as Sensor R. Sarkar, Animesh Ghosh, Lipika Ghosh and N. Mandal Asansol Engineering College Vivekananda Sarani, Kanyapur, Asansol-713305 E-mail: [email  protected] com, ghoshanimesh. [email  protected] com, [email  protected] com Abstract: Bellows, an elastic type pressure sensor is generally used as a local indicator. To transmit the signal of bellows to a remote distance some technique is needed.In the present paper a Hall probe sensor has been used to convert the bellows movement into voltage signal which can be converted into 4 – 20 mA current signal and transmitted to a remote indicator. It has been observed that the transducer and transmitter outputs against pressure have a very good linearity and repeatability. The necessary theoretical equations along with experimental results are reported in the paper. Keywords: pressure measurement, bellows, Pressure transmitter, Magnet, Hall Probe. I. INTRODUCTION Pressu re is an important measuring and controlling technical parameter during industrial production process.In order to operate industrial production well, pressure should be accurately measured and controlled. Pressure can be measured in terms of absolute or gauge. The absolute pressure can be measured in terms of height of a liquid column in a manometer whereas the gauge pressure is measured by different types of sensors [1-4]. As for example bourdon tube, diaphragm, capsule, bellow element etc. operate as primary sensing elements for measuring positive or negative gauge pressure. The sensors like strain gauge, piezoresistance, LVDT, capacitive element, inductive element etc. ct as secondary sensors to measure positive or negative gauge pressure. The negative gauge pressure or vacuum pressure can also be measured by many other sensors like pirani gauge, ionization gauge, McLeod gauge etc. In industrial application it is required to transmit the measured pressure to a remote distance. He nce in a pressure transmitter, the change of sensor parameter due to the change of fluid pressure is converted into an electric or pneumatic signal by using a suitable transducer and that signal after amplification is transmitted to a remote receiver.Thus the pressure transducer is a vital part of any pressure transmitter and its performance determines the reliability of operation of the transmitter. Many works on development of reliable pressure transducer are still being reported by different groups of workers. B. Raveendran et al. [5] have designed and developed a MEMS based wireless modular pressure transmitter. A Bourdon tube based pressure transmitter unit using an improved inductance bridge network has been studied by S. C. Bera et al. [6]. Y. Ruan et al. 7] have developed a multipoint wireless pressure transmitting system composed of pressure sensor PTB203, A/D converter ADC0804, MCU STC89C52, wireless communication module CC1101, receiver module STC89C52, CC1101 and display module LCD1602. Zeng Mingru et al. [8] have developed a HART Protocol based intelligent pressure transmitter which is compatible with both analog and digital signals. K. Subramanian et al. [9] have developed MEMS type capacitive pressure sensor with sensitivity of the order of few fF/ kPa. Universal frequency to digital converter (UDFC) technique has been used by S.Y. Yurish [10] to develop an intelligent digital pressure transducer. A multiplexed frequency transmitter technique has been used by R. Vrba et al. [11] to design a reliable pressure transducer using ceramic diaphragm. In the present paper, a hall probe based pressure measurement technique has been developed. In this technique a permanent magnet is placed on the tip of the bellows with the Hall probe sensor on the top of the outside fitting of bellows chamber as shown in Fig. 1. The movement of the bellows tip is measured by a hall probe sensor.With the change of pressure the distance between magnet and the hall sensor d ecreases and so the magnetic intensity at the sensor increases. The Hall sensor senses this increase of magnetic field intensity and accordingly its output voltage increases with the increase of pressure. This signal is nonlinearly related with the movement of float. But for very small movement of the bellows this voltage will be almost linear. The experimental results are reported in the paper. The block diagram of the proposed transducer is shown in Fig. 1. Necessary athematical equations have been derived to explain the theory of operation of the transducer as well as transmitter. A prototype unit along with the signal conditioner has been designed and fabricated. The experiments have been performed to find out the static characteristics of the sensor, transducer and transmitter. The experimental results are reported in the paper. A very good linearity and repeatability of results with adjustable sensitivity of the transducer has been observed. [pic] Fig. 1: Diagram of the propos ed transducer along with float and hall probe sensorII. METHOD OF APPROACH In the present paper the pressure is sensed by a bellows. A magnet is placed on the top of the bellows. And the hall probe on the bellows chamber. The float movement of the bellows is converted into voltage by a hall probe sensor. Output voltage is amplified by an instrumentation amplifier INA101 and then converted into 4-20 mA current signal using signal conditioning circuit. This signal is then transmitted to remote station with negligible loss. Let the pressure is [pic] and the corresponding height of the bellows tip from reference is [pic].In bellows the height of the tip is proportional to pressure and is written as [pic](1) where [pic] is the constant Now the distance of the hall probe from the magnet is [pic](2) where [pic] is the total length of the hall probe from reference. In the present work the magnet is selected to be a circular permanent magnet. Let the radius and width of the magnet be ‘ [pic]’ and‘[pic]’ respectively. Hence magnetic field at the hall probe due to magnet is [pic](3) where [pic] is the constant depending on the pole strength of the magnet, its radius and permeability of air which are all constants.Since [pic] equation (3) is reduced to [pic] (4) [pic](5) The above equation is equally true for very low pressure also. Since at low pressure [pic], so equation (5) is reduced to [pic] (6) Now the output hall voltage [pic] of the hall sensor is proportional to [pic] if the current passing through the sensor be kept constant and hence it is given by [pic](7) where [pic] is the constant of proportionality. Hence from equations (5) & (7) [pic] (8) or, [pic](9) where [pic] is another constant. Therefore from equations (1), (8) and (9), the output from hall probe is given by [pic](10) pic] (11) [pic](12) Therefore output is linearly related with pressure. III. DESIGN In the present design a cylindrical permanent magnet is selected of inner r adius [pic], depth [pic], width [pic]. In our present design, [pic]. The output of hall sensor is amplified by INA101 based instrumentation amplifier. The gain of the instrumentation amplifier is set by external resistor R1. This output signal is first converted into amplified voltage signal [pic]in the range 1-5 volt D. C. and then into current signal[pic] in the range 4-20mA D. C. y a signal conditioner circuit as shown in Fig. 2. After calibration the output of the transmitter becomes 4mA when [pic]is 1 volt and pressure[pic]is zero psig and 20mA when [pic]is 5 volt and pressure[pic]is at maximum range [pic]of the bellows. Hence the transmitter voltage output[pic] in volt and current output[pic]in mA may be written as, [pic] (13) and [pic] (14) From (13) and (14), [pic] (15) where [pic]and [pic](16) [pic] Fig. 2. Block diagram of the proposed pressure transmitter using bellows element as sensing device pic] Fig. 3: Circuit diagram of hall probe based pressure indicator IV. EXPERI MENT The experiment is performed in two steps. In the first step, the proposed transducer was designed, fabricated and mounted on the outside cover of bellows chamber as shown in Fig. 1. The bellows with the above sensor was first fitted with a dead weight tester and the dead weight of the dead weight tester was increased in steps and in each step the Hall voltage output is measured and the characteristics of the hall sensor based transducer unit is determined.The characteristic graph obtained by plotting Hall voltage against Pressure is shown in Fig. 4. Experiment was repeated both in increasing and decreasing modes for several times and the standard deviation curve for six observations is shown in Fig. 6. In the second step the output of the pressure transmitter is taken in terms of current signal and he characteristic is shown in Fig. 7. [pic] Fig. 4: Characteristic graph obtained by plotting Hall voltage against Pressure [pic] Fig. 5: Percentage deviation Curve of the Hall Probe based Pressure Transducer [pic]Fig. 6: Standard Deviation Curve of the Hall Probe based Pressure Transducer [pic] Fig. 7: Characteristic graph of hall probe based pressure transmitter V. DISCUSSION The characteristic of hall probe sensor is nonlinear in nature. But change of hall probe voltage is quite linear as shown in Fig. 4. The linear nature of the curve is due to the fact that the movement of the tip of the bellows for the entire pressure range is generally very small and hall probe voltage due to small change of distance between hall probe and magnet lies almost in the linear zone.The percentage deviation curves from linearity as shown in Fig 5 also indicate that the percentage deviation from linearity also lies within the tolerable limit. A very good repeatability of the experimental data was also observed as shown by the standard deviation curves in Figs. 6. The characteristic of the whole transmitter is almost linear as shown in Fig 7. The design of the system is very sim ple and the hall probe & the permanent magnet are now available at a very low cost. Hence the cost of the pressure transmitter will be low. References: 1] J. P. Bentley, Principles of Measurement Systems, 3rd ed. Longman Singapore Publishers (pvt) Ltd. , Singapore, 1995. 2] E. O. Doeblin, Measurement System Application and Design, 4th ed. , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990. 3] B. G. Liptak, Process Measurement and Analysis, 3rd ed. , U. K. Butterworth Heinman, Oxford, 1999. 4] D. M. Considine, Process Instruments and Control Hand Book, 2nd ed. , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974. 5] Raveendran, B. ; Subhash, K. M. â€Å"Design of modular pressure transmitter with wireless capability† IEEE Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS), 2012, pp 1 – 3 6] Bera, S. C. ; Mandal, N. ; Sarkar, R. â€Å"Study of a Pressure Transmitter Using an Improved Inductance Bridge Network and Bourdon Tube as Transducer† IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measureme nt, Vol 60 , Issue 4 , Year: 2011 , pp 1453 – 1460 7] Yaocan Ruan; Minghao He; Shuran Song; Tiansheng Hong â€Å"Multipoint wireless pressure detecting system† 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIMSEC), 2011 IEEE Conference, 2011 , PP 4091 – 4094 8] Zeng Mingru; You Wentang; Qian Xin , â€Å"The development of intelligent pressure transmitter based on HART Protocol† IEEE Conference on E-Health Networking, Digital Eco systems and Technologies (EDT), Vol. , 2010 , pp 121 – 124 9] Kanakasabapathi Subramanian, Jeffrey B. Fortin, and Kuna Kishore, â€Å"Scalable vertical diaphragm pressure sensors: device and process design, design for packaging† IEEE Sensors Journal. , vol. 6, no. 3, June 2006, pp. 618-622 10] S. Y. Yurish, â€Å"Intelligent digital pressure sensors and transducers based on universal frequency-to-digital converters† (UFDC-1), Sensors & Transducers Journal. , vol. 60, no. 10, October 2005, pp. 432-438. 11] Radimir Vrba, Miroslav Sveda and Karel Marecek, â€Å"Pressure transducer with multiplexed frequency transmitter†, Slconi04 – Seoron for industry Conference, New Orleans, Louisiaiib, USA, 27th -29th January, 2004, pp. 07-10.

Information Technology Essay

Advancements in information technology have had many great benefits on society. It has revolutionized the phase of business and living around the world. Information Technology has made Local businesses become international due to a simple website. Information technology (IT) is the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. It is broadly considered to encompass the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. Several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer hardware,software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment and computer services (Chandler, 2012). Therefore, the purpose of this assignment is to discuss the wonders and horrors Information Technology has brought to us. It will first look at the wonders which Information Technology has brought, and then it will look at the horrors. It is from the wonders and horrors were a conclusion will be drawn from. Today information technology involves more than just computer literacy; it also takes into account how computers work and how these computers can further be used not just for information processing but also for communications and problem solving tasks as well. Information technology also involves the development, installation, implementation, maintenance, and the use of computer systems, software and networks for the processing and distribution of data (Daintith, 2009). Our world today has changed a great deal with the aid of information technology. The revolution in IT has itself been brought forth by a company of innovations in telecommunications and informatics, made possible by cheaper new lightweight materials such as optical fibers transmitting information faster. Information flows faster and less expensively throughout the globe, but it will take substantial time to reach full digitalization given the youth of IT (Achimugu et al; 2009). Things that were once done manually or by hand have now become computerized operating systems, which simply require a single click of a mouse to get a task completed. With the aid of Information Technology, we are not only able to stream line our business processes but we are also able to get constant information in ‘real time’ that is up to the minute and up to date (Vermaat,2004). The significance of Information Technology can be seen from the fact that it has penetrated almost every aspect of our daily lives from business to leisure and even society. The world has an estimated 350 million internet users. Over 90% of them are in industrial countries, although developing countries comprise about 85% of the world population (Berndt and Morrison, 1995). Today personal Computers, cell phones, fax machines, email and internet have all not only become an integral part of our very culture but also play an essential role in our day to day activities (Parker, 2003). Information Technology has brought a lot of wonders in our daily living. Some of the wonders include: Globalization – IT has not only brought the world closer together, but it has allowed the world’s economy to become a single interdependent system. This means that we can not only share information quickly and efficiently, but we can also bring down barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. The world has developed into a global village due to the help of information technology allowing countries like Chile and Japan who are not only separated by distance but also by language to shares ideas and information with each other. Communication – With the help of information technology, communication has also become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them an email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face to face direct communication from different parts of the world thanks to the helps of video conferencing. Information Technology affects the way companies communicate and establish relations with their clients. In the fast moving and business environment, it is vital for them to interact with clients regularly and quickly to gain their trust and to obtain customer loyalty. With the use of internet and social networks, firms interact with consumers and answer all their queries about the products. Take for instance ‘ Barack Obama- USA President’ as the figure. With the use of networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook, blogs, social bookmarking, the leader could approach to the world whenever necessary and the world can receive the news and updates which he has done or wants done within a short period of time. Cost effectiveness – Information technology has helped to computerize the business process thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions. Additionally, to think and to research, we need resources to find what our past people has thought, what quotes they have left for us that is information and theory. Information can now be easily found by a single click in search engines such as Google and yahoo. Business Operations. With the use of technological innovations, business owners and entrepreneur understand their cash flow better, how to manage their storage costs well and enables you to save time and money. Bridging the cultural gap – Information technology has helped to bridge the cultural gap by helping people from different cultures to communicate with one another, and allow for the exchange of views and ideas, thus increasing awareness and reducing prejudice. More time – IT has made it possible for businesses to be open 24 x7 all over the globe. This means that a business can be open anytime anywhere, making purchases from different countries easier and more convenient. It also means that you can have your goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to move a single muscle. Increase the sense of Human Rights- The technology can remind of our human rights, basic needs and give updates where relief or worldwide help is necessary. During earthquakes, terrible floods, while co-operation is necessary the World Wide Web can help us to collect the donation by a desired amount. It is not possible to just figure out everything about the good and bad sides of Information and Technology within a page and article as because it has mixed with every aspects and corners of our lives. Rather, let us look at the side effects, bad sides (cons) which IT-sectors have brought to the Human Society Creation of new jobs – Probably the best advantage of information technology is the creation of new and interesting jobs. Computer programmers, Systems analyzers, Hardware and Software developers and Web designers are just some f the many new employment opportunities created with the help of IT. Information technologies of various kinds, together with globalization, are powerfully affecting the range of employment options for individuals in advanced and developing countries alike- and at various levels of education. Further, the classes of Information Technology that automate, disinter mediate and reduce costs of remoteness are also enabling the construction of increasin gly complex and geographically diverse global supply chains and networks (Spence, 2012) . Advancements in information technology have had many great benefits on society; however, this has not come without its downsides. Below are some of the horrors or disadvantages of information technology: Unemployment – While information technology may have streamlined the business process it has also created job redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing. This means that a lot of lower and middle level jobs have been done away with causing more people to become unemployed. Technology in an organization, company or business, the number of hours that a human works at that company is reduced. Technology is playing multiple roles. The replacement of routine manual work by machines and robots is a powerful, continuing and perhaps accelerating trend in manufacturing and logistics, while networks of computers are replacing routine white-collar jobs in information processing. For instance, the elimination of intermediaries in banking, online retail and a host of government services, to name just a few affected areas. This has even resulted in some people losing their jobs because technology is doing it for them. However this is beneficial for the organization as their profit is increased because they do not need to pay their workers as much because they are not required as much (Spence, 2012). Privacy – Though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has also bought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge. As IT Sectors have wined the people’s heart worldwide. People are here to share and store any kind of information, private date in their hard drives and private online databases. But due to some Cyber-Criminals, nothing is so safe both online and offline. If someone becomes a bit careless, he or she may needs to pay high for it especially when it comes to work related information (Saldarini and DeRobertis, 2003). Lack of job security – Industry experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue as since technology keeps on changing with each day. This means that one has to be in a constant learning mode, if he or she wishes for their job to be secure. Dominant culture – While information technology may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to one culture dominating another weaker one. For example it is now argued that US influences how most young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Languages too have become overshadowed, with English becoming the primary mode of communication for business and everything else Over reliance on technology – a lot of people believe that because computers and the Internet has become such a regular part of modern life, some people particularly children who grow up with it, will not be able to function without it. Some people think that the Internet is making people lazy, particularly when it comes to essay or project research as instead of reading books in a library, one can just perform a Google search. Loss of communication skills – with the ever increasing variety of social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, a lot of people are worried that traditional communication skills will be lost. This worry is particularly about children who often engage in these websites because communication and interactive skills are not important with computers. Loss of personal touch – emails and instant messaging has replaced the old tradition of handwriting letters. And although this is advantageous because of time constraints, a personal touch and sense of feeling is lost compared to taking the time to sit down and hand write a letter. We can think, gather human principles (ethical knowledge) and make co-operative relationships between friends and families. But due to harmful aspects of (IT) people are becoming fully technological based. And it can bring huge damage to the society as its taking away the natural thoughts and organic ideas. Health problems – research has shown that technology can cause a number of problems with a person’s health. Many scientists, doctors and researchers are concerned about possible links between technology and heart problems, eye strain, obesity, muscle problems and deafness. Waste emitted from technology can pollute the environment which not only makes people ill, it also damages the environment. The online community is not safe for Family anymore- the family is the foundation of every nation. However, due to Information Technology, children under age may often share Cell Numbers, Private Email Address which can be hacked by people and can pass it to the criminals who have a blue-print to harm the society. And people are losing credit card privacy and other payment processing options. Again, there are some sites created by foul people, which can lead under eighteen teenagers to a different path – That Is going to bring Harm to the Nation. A very good example is the Iris Kaingu Video which circulated not only nationwide but also worldwide and was viewed by both young people and adults. In conclusion, one can safely say Information Technology has brought both wonders and horrors to our society. Things that were once done manually, or by hand have now become easier and faster by the introduction of computer technology in the workplace. Our world today has changed a great deal with the aid of Information Technology which has penetrated in almost every aspect of our daily lives and society. With all the good things about Information Technology, it has brought terrible horrors to some in our societies. A lot of people have lost their jobs because they have become irrelevant due to the introduction of computers in the workplace. It has contributed to the poor livelihood of people. Advancements in information technology have had many great benefits on society. It has revolutionized the phase of business and living around the world. Information Technology has made Local businesses become international due to a simple website. Information technology (IT) is the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. It is broadly considered to encompass the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. Several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer hardware,software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment and computer services (Chandler, 2012). Therefore, the purpose of this assignment is to discuss the wonders and horrors Information Technology has brought to us. It will first look at the wonders which Information Technology has brought, and then it will look at the horrors. It is from the wonders and horrors were a conclusion will be drawn from. Today information technology involves more than just computer literacy; it also takes into account how computers work and how these computers can further be used not just for information processing but also for communications and problem solving tasks as well. Information technology also involves the development, installation, implementation, maintenance, and the use of computer systems, software and networks for the processing and distribution of data (Daintith, 2009). Our world today has changed a great deal with the aid of information technology. The revolution in IT has itself been brought forth by a company of innovations in telecommunications and informatics, made possible by cheaper new lightweight materials such as optical fibers transmitting information faster. Information flows faster and less expensively throughout the globe, but it will take substantial time to reach full digitalization given the youth of IT (Achimugu et al; 2009). Things that were once done manually or by hand have now become computerized operating systems, which simply require a single click of a mouse to get a task completed. With the aid of Information Technology, we are not only able to stream line our business processes but we are also able to get constant information in ‘real time’ that is up to the minute and up to date (Vermaat,2004).