Realism and Its Role in US War Against Iraq Essay

Presence of biological warfare, inhumane leadership, anti-democracy; these were the reasons which were proclaimed in the past explaining US war against Iraq. I believe that US spearheaded by then President Bush played Realists in their decision-making vis a vis the issue at hand. Tony Blair himself admitted few months after US won Iraq over their Head of State, Saddam Hussein, that there were no biological warfare proven to be under the custody of the latter’s government. Moreover, most nations believe that despite Hussein’s dictatorial means, he was nonetheless feared hence was able to maintain peaceful coexistence between two Islamic yet conflicting groups- the Sunni and Shi’ite. As regards, the question of the absence of democratic government in Iraq, isn’t the establishment and sustainability of any government dependent on its constituents/nationals? Who is the United States to take away the chance from Iraq’s own people to deal with their own government and its leader should there be a question of legitimacy? Perhaps, guided by Realist perspective of International Relations, the following reasons are more truthful; security, statism, and self-help. Military power according to Realism is a measure of political power relations among states alongside economic power. States are rational and unitary actors whose decisions are always based on a calculation of survival and national security. There is the absence of universal principles while the only guide of states in an anarchic set-up is pragmatic assessment of other state’s actions in solving problems. How then are these helpful in the analysis of US intentions toward Iraq? US seeking to maintain its global dominance would have to sustain military power. While Liberals and Idealists thought world peace could be attained and that no more wars shall ever exist, US apparently showed that war is still a solution and a means to furthering state gains. Oil is Iraq’s source of wealth and power. If that was the only missing link to US’ superiority, by all means, US would get hold of it. Oil promotes military and economic power. It also gives US security against threats from North Korea. Hence, for me, it was the desire of the Bush administration to retain hegemonic status- free from external threats of every form that made US enter into a catastrophic war.

Defects in Society Essay

â€Å"The theme is an attempt to trace the defects of society back to the defects of human nature. The moral is that the shape of society must depend on the ethical nature of the individual and not on any political system however apparently logical or respectable. The whole book is symbolic in nature.† — William Golding In lord of the flies, Golding expresses elements of multiple defects in society that can be traced to be defects in human nature. Whether it’s lack of self-control, violence, savagery, authority, common stereotypes, etc., we’re all accountable for our defects as people. I believe the characters portrayed within the book also give us a good sense of what our society is like in present day. Characters such as Ralph demonstrate a good, authoritative, head-on-shoulders kind of person, a person wanting to be in charge to keep order, their interest being for the betterment of the people, a positive side for society. While characters such a Jack show a selfish, power hungry, discriminatory side of society, which leads to all things negative. Both characters are very much alike in a sense though. As people, we strive to be the best we can and if getting there means we have to incorporate both sides, then we’ll do it. Components of society such as lack of self-control, violence, savagery, authority, societal stereotypes, etc., are demonstrated immensely throughout the book. Golding expresses this with examples such as the boys jumping to conclusions about Simon and putting him to his death with the threat of him being the ‘beast’, the superiority vs. inferiority expressed with the dividing of the two groups; the â€Å"Biguns† and the Littluns†, then you have Jack as a prime example of lack of self-control where he becomes power hungry in the sense of an authority leader, removing ralph from his position and gaining the respect of the tribe just as Ralph had once did. A societal stereotype demonstrated within lord of the flies is the fact that throughout the whole novel, Piggy was unnamed, no one even bothered to know his name, and he died nameless. The boys had placed an initial view on him and proceeded to not inquire about him any longer. This happens in our society on a daily basis. We place a label on someone, push them away, humiliating those who differ, and making them outcasts. I believe this was a strong statement from Golding’s perspective. As a society, I believe Golding was trying to communicate that essentially, when the going gets tough, we just give up. When we’re faced with difficult situations or put in a predicament we’re not exactly comfortable with or is not considered our norm, we turn the other cheek and shy away from what’s in front of us. This was demonstrated within the novel as the boys we’re getting too in over their heads about their horrid fears of the beast. Not actually knowing what is was, they let their fears get the better of them without investigating, only to find out that it was the farthest thing from a beast; a simple parachutist. Obviously, their situation was different to today’s standards, but the idea’s similar. As stated previously as a societal component, savagery played a large part throughout Lord of the Flies. This was communicated between aspects of civilization also. Both were demonstrated by Golding with a few major symbols within the novel; those being the conch shell, as well as the Lord of the flies, which both are represented by Ralph and Jack. Throughout the chapters, you see the aspects of savagery come out more with jacks’ person. From the times of leaving the signal fire in times of hunting, he has lost his sense of innocence. It became a situation of food over thought. With the conch, it was solely the deciding factor of who had authority within the group or whose turn it was to speak essentially. This still conducted order and made things run smoothly. Everyone had adapted to it for the time being until savagery took over and the killing of piggy ended the custom of the conch as well. In conclusion, despite the various aspects William Golding has incorporated into Lord of the Flies to demonstrate the defects in society being traced to the defects in human nature, everything within the book still remains true today and I definitely believe that’s what he was going for. He wanted something for civilization to read and reflect upon and that’s exactly what I’ve done. How he’s incorporated societal views, perspectives and problems and found a way to relate it back to a group of young boys stranded on an island fighting for survival is intriguing.

HUnting laws Essay

I’ve never really paid attention to who makes the laws for hunting to be honest I’ve only just followed them. The Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission is a citizen board, chosen by the Governor, which sets regulations and policies for Colorado’s state parks and wildlife programs. The Colorado Parks and Wildlife is who enforces the laws that the commission makes, there job is to protect, preserve, enhance, and manage wildlife for the use of the people of this state. There are several types of hunting allowed in Colorado such as Archery, Rifles, Muzzle loading, shot gun. And just about every type of mammal can be hunted in regulation elk, mule deer, black bear, mountain lion, antelope, bighorn & Desert Bighorn, moose, mountain goat and whitetail deer, bobcat, fox, coyote, and badger. There is also birds such as Partridge, dove, grouse, quail, chucker, turkey, duck, geese, ptarmigan, snipe, and many other birds I don’t feel like naming. I understand why some people are against hunting, I mean when you only know part of the story all you hear is killing an innocent animal. And some people only see the stereotype a think it’s just a bunch of banjo stringing rednecks going Rambo on Bambi’s mom. But there are several laws and regulations keeping all hunting safe and even necessary to keep species size under control. I have hunted all my life, and I’ve learned most of my life lessons sitting on the cold ground with a 30. 6 in my hands waiting for an elk to pass by. So hunting is a part of me, my family doesn’t hunt to just kill an animal, every piece of meat we eat is either a cow from our pasture or elk we killed during hunting season. That is the meat we eat all year, so even though I know why we hunt and why it’s not bad I understand why some people think it might be barbaric. I’m also not saying that some people don’t disrespect the right to hunt and kill anything they see, just like anti-hunters think.

General Journal Entries, Ledger Accounts, Trial Balance, Income Assignment

General Journal Entries, Ledger Accounts, Trial Balance, Income Statement, Statement of Owners Equity and Balance Sheet (Case of Amal Translation) - Assignment Example In simple definition, General journal is a statement where double entry bookkeeping are posted by debiting an accouting followed by a corresponding crediting of another accounting using the same amount (Carl, James and Jonathan, 2008). Both debited and credited amount should be equal to maintain the accounting equation. Based on the available accounting information system, an organization may use specialized journal alongside the generalized journal entries in order to have an effective record keeping system. In this case, the application of a general journal entries can be limited to adjustments, as well as, in non routine entries. Below is a computed General Journal Entrues for various transaction of the Amal Translation.... 00          Translation Fee Earned    24,000 14-Sep Rental Expense    2100          Account Payable    2100 16-Sep Cash    48,000          Unearned Fees    48,000 20-Sep Wage Expense    4800          Cash    4800 25-Sep Cash    60,000          Account Receivable    60,000 27-Sep Account Payable    7,900          Cash    79,000 28-Sep Repairs Expense    250          Cash    250 29-Sep Amal's Drawing    4960          Cash    4960 29-Sep Note Payable    20,000          Cash    20,000 30-Sep Wage Expense    4800          Cash    4800 30-Sep Advertising Expense    6600          Cash    6600 2.0 Opening Ledger Accounts Leger Accounts Ledger account is the second entry point of business transaction into the company’s accounting system. Accounting information contained in the ledger account relates to daily transactions of the business. It collects all credits and debts that rel ates to the account head within a single space. In this respect, credit and debit entries are two naturally opposing actions. In real practice, the amount use in the transaction off sets against one another. Whatever remain is the balance or the difference after the set off. This difference is referred to as ledger account balance. Ledger balancing is the process of calculating the balances of ledger accounts. Irrespective of the number of credit or debit ledger accounts available, the balance is calculated by setting off total debits of the company against the total credits. The differece between the two sums gives the ledger account balance. When setting off, the assumption made is that greater sum is set off from the smaller sum. The following equations summarizes the interpretation of ledger account balance. (Total debit- Total Credit): Applicable in case debit amount is greater. (Total credit-

8.6 case study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

8.6 case study - Coursework Example In the perspective of the second meaning, organizations promote corporate ethics so as to define a set of corporate values, to meet consumer expectations and employee demands, and to deal with economic pressures effectively (p.620). When it comes to IT practices, the first definition (meaning) implies that firms must develop improved IT policies and procedures to operate in well compliance with federal laws and regulations. From the same viewpoint, the second definition implies that organizations need to maintain well established IT practices to ensure that consumers enjoy the benefits of convenient shopping and consumers’ tastes, and specifications are adequately addressed. The firm’s economic environment can have a great influence on these practices. Companies have more choices when economic conditions are favorable but choices may have to be limited under the situations of economic downturns. 2. The advancements in IT greatly benefit corporate enterprises to address ethical issues effectively, and to take advantages of emerging opportunities with regard to corporate governance. The case study tells that IT can contribute significantly to corporate strategy. CIOs can identify the misuses of those IT capabilities, and they will be also able to flag those issues timely and thereby prevent the firm from becoming exposed to scandals. The case described about the business fraud committed by marketing workers at a large telephone company can be cited as a good example. The company executives had identified the fraud before the marketing department actually executed it. Then they developed a comprehensive IT system to monitor the use and prevent the unauthorized access to such sensitive information in future. Similarly, Intel’s IT system helps the company meet its legal and regulatory requirements in addition to enhancing its own corporate values and ethical principles (p p.620-621). 3. In my personal view, organizations should pursue high ethical standards in

The Implementation of Enterprise 2.0 in a Business Research Paper - 1

The Implementation of Enterprise 2.0 in a Business - Research Paper Example There are numerous examples of enterprise 2.0 tools in which Wikis and Blogs are well-known communication and collaboration portals. Moreover, social network tools are very helpful for the staff members in finding the target person or group of persons. Thus, enterprise 2.0 has the capability to offer content, data and information and knowledge in an amazingly low-priced and unproblematic way by means of web-based tools. Some people say that enterprise 2.0 is about carrying Web 2.0 into the business; however, it is not completely true. In some way, enterprise 2.0 refers to the process of bringing the collaborative and social applications and technologies of Web 2.0 into the business setting; however, enterprise 2.0 also shows a basic change in the way businesses carry out their operations. Additionally, it is a true fact that enterprise 2.0 is a simplified idea that is normally used for technological and business practice that releases the required workers from the limitations of inheriting communication tools and productivity tools as there is an example of the email. Moreover, it’s another major advantage is that it facilitates the business executives to access precise information when it is required by means of a web of interrelated applications, services, and strategies. In this way enterprise, 2.0 make easy to get to the combined intellect of many. Hence this aspect results in moving to a n enormous competitive gain in the form of improved innovation, efficiency and agility. The question is that what is enterprise 2.0 and how it is used in a business environment?  

Criminal Identification Procedures Research Paper

Criminal Identification Procedures - Research Paper Example As DNA is considered to be the building blocks of humans, the advancement of the study of this material, would be unquestionably beneficial, with advantages experienced as a result. The advantages would abound for this in the industry of forensic science, with the ability to utilize DNA evidence as a means of being able to more accurately pinpoint the source of the material that they would have gathered from a crime scene. In terms of crime control, according to the  Maryland Governors Office of Crime Control & Prevention  (2008), â€Å"Every State in the nation has a statutory provision for the establishment of a DNA database that allows for the collection of DNA profiles from offenders convicted of certain crimes,† (para. 1). As it would come to crime control, the advances seen in the form of an organized system put into place for the maintaining of DNA information, would serve the cause of fighting crime to a greater degree. According to the  Maryland Governors Office of Crime Control & Prevention  (2008), â€Å"As of 2007, 5,372,773 total offender profiles in CODIS have aided over 62,000 investigations. Almost 50,000 total offender hits have occurred and of those hits over 80% were at the State level,† (para. 5). While considerable progress would have undoubtedly come from the presence of DNA information and the data system created to store it for review by other states, with additional case files added, all crimes would need to be

Ubiquitous Computing Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ubiquitous Computing Technology - Essay Example Many researchers from whole world are at the present working in the ubiquitous computing structure. Their effort impacts all regions of computer science, including hardware components (like chips), interaction substrates, applications, privacy, network protocols and computational techniques (Banavar et al, 2002). Ubiquitous computing or normally called â€Å"ubicomp† is an away desktop or post desktop model of human computer interaction in which data and information processing has been comprehensively incorporated interested in daily life matters and actions. As different to the desktop working and processing, in which a sole user deliberately engages a single device for a meticulous task, someone "employing† ubiquitous computing employs several computational devices and systems at the same time, in the track of normal actions, and possibly will not essentially even be conscious that they are doing so (Stajano, 2002). Ubiquitous computing is the visualization of a world in which computing power and digital infrastructure are tremendously economical property, so low-priced they are entrenched in all the daily things that enclose us. We can say that ubiquitous computing is not virtual reality, it is not a Personal Digital Assistant or PDA like Apples Newton, and it is not an individual or friendly computer with agents responsible for your bidding. Different from virtual reality, ubiquitous computing actions to put together information exhibit into the daily physical world. It believed that nuances of the authentic world to be magnificent, and plans plainly to augment them. Unlike PDAs, ubiquitous computing visualizes a world of completely associated devices, with inexpensive wireless networks all over the place (Kenneth, 1998); unlike PDAs, it is assumed that you are required nothing with you, because information will be available all over the place. Unlike the intimate agent computer that reacts t o ones tone or voice and is an individual

Examining Alternatives to Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Examining Alternatives to Globalization - Essay Example In this regard, most of the anti-globalization proponents establish certain degree of advocacy with relevant reforms that are capable of acquiring remedies for the aforementioned concerns. They agree on allowing the developing countries to gain free access to the industrialized agricultural markets under protection and to other consumer products and technologies that have typically become less affordable due to enhanced global competitions. Hence, the opponents of globalization tend to express contention against tight restrictions imposed upon intellectual property rights by trade agreement or global agreement on investment (Ehrke). Instead of granting WTO further liberalization, globalization opponents approve of realizing potentials through incorporation of democratic measures and control to be set up with social and environmental standards (Ehrke). This way, though most politicians or economists take the opposite perspective, the terms of globalization may be adjusted accordingly to meet the demands and interests of the greater majority whereas provision for debt relief (Ehrke) may be foreseen to enable developing countries to catch up on reviving the economy which consequently finds its way to treat poverty and hunger since there would be sufficient allocation to sustain the latter. Open markets may also constitute more flexible options to trade and when coupled with legalization of a democratic approach, an increased level of freedom to expose new knowledge and possibilities of exploring avenues of industrial and economic growth for all nations involved. Consumers who are unable to afford certain commodities due to irrationally strict policies that prevent some appropriate balance in the flow and distribution of goods, both internationally and locally, are very susceptible to experience inadequacy of nutrition leading to poor health. This vivid reflection of poverty eventually gives encouragement to the idea of immigration especially by the citizens of the third world countries. Consumerism, immigration, and nutrition thus at a point, are naturally placed in a cause-and-effect relationship. The most compelling perspective in the critique is the concern manifested by the opponents of globalization with how reforms bear impact on consumerism primarily. With the liberty to have the secured markets available for the multitude of consumers around the world, such move entails higher probability of choosing from product alternatives with larger range of values or modifiable costs that could raise affordability levels for the general mass particularly the one within the marginalized sectors. One would essentially notice the humanitarian side of the advocacy in this respect while anti-globalization supporters also find a great deal of favor at intensifying attention on properly regulating international financial systems as applied through improved monitoring or supervision of banks, stock markets, as well as the system of taxation (Ehrke). Mo reover, because globalization varies directly with the generation of issues that burden the environment with risks or factors correspondingly affecting human health and the

Proposed Plan for Future Development for IKEA Coursework - 1

Proposed Plan for Future Development for IKEA - Coursework Example Environmental sensitiveness of the company is well recognized by consumers. The other companies that specialize in Nordic furniture design the in the US, whose prices are comparatively very high are Design Within Reach, Minimalista, Boconcept and Tema. But, the strategy of IKEA is to target middle-class families on a global level with a variety of designs, quality and price. Companies like Sears, JC-Penny, Flanigan and Raymour are competitors to IKEA in the USA. Competitors in Europe include companies like John Lewis, Argos, B&Q and TESCO. Apart from furniture, the extensive range of products of IKEA includes lighting, textiles & rugs, Kitchenware, flooring, storage furniture, beds and mattresses tools and hardware. The IKEA Concept is based on offering a wide range of well designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them as mentioned in the website of Inter IKEA Systems B.V. The IKEA Concept guides the way IKEA products are designed, manufactured, transported, sold and assembled. 2 IKEA's business strategy hinges on sustainability and environmental design. The sustainability programs of IKEA envisage social, environmental and economic issues. Strengths and weaknesses of a company are mostly related to internal aspects. The internal environment of IKEA in terms of competitive advantage, market position and financial resources, is by and large conducive for a sustainable growth. The competitive advantage of a company arises out of several factors and the business plan which is very difficult to duplicate and the absence alternate products available cheaply enable IKEA to exploit the opportunities effectively and overcome the external threats. IKEA has established a name for itself with designs, quality and competitive pricing in the markets world over.  

Middle East History Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Middle East History Questions - Essay Example American had a ‘second war for independence’ with British government. The government rigorously sustained its efforts in integrating the federal states and has sustained its economic expansionism in many of its politically controlled nations in eastern part, in Asia and in Hawaii (Norton & Katzman, 2011). The Great awakening assuaged the removal of slavery and paved toward the recognition of women as partners for economic development. Reconstruction era further bolstered the removal of discrimination and paved the way to naturalization of citizens. The 19th century featured United States as an imperial nation which subjugated Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam in a Treaty of Paris. Industrialization and progressive movements as the west accumulated wealth through import and export policies. The nation upholds the primacy of education to develop skilled and intellectual labor forces. Capitalism became its dominant economic philosophy while government focused on mining, agr iculture, telecommunication development and global marketing. It further gained power as its financial institution gained more control over nations who availed financial supports and loans at the height of economic depression (Norton & Katzman, 2011; Kinzer, 2011). The west gained the image as the first nation, global power and economic authority thru globalization. It wielded military power in World War I and considered communism as a Red Scare, a threat to American idealism, during the World War II. In this war, with allied nations, America supported partners with resources, food, petroleum and technology (Norton & Katzman, 2011; Kinzer, 2011). In 1920s, America suffered Great Depression which resulted to deflation and increase of unemployment rate. They were however able to restore the system by regulating and reforming the banking system, stock market and its economy. The nation vigorously sustained its geographic presence in many nations either by the deployment of its military forces in strategic regions, or by economic relations thru trade and offshore marketing, by gaining over nautical highways, and import-export relations using treaties and agreements (Tuveson, 1980). The mid part of the 19th century was considered as the cold war period where US and Russia gained the reputation of storing weapons of mass destructions. The era also showed partnership of US and Britain in their interest in West Germany, thus the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. Many decades, thereafter, US waged its anti-terrorism campaign against al-Qaeda network through allied nations. War in Iraq and Afghanistan ensued until the arrest and death of Osama Bin Laden, head of terrorist organization, in Pakistan recently. While America is admittedly dependent on oil from Middle East countries, but eastern nations, most of which are member states of OPEC, have difficulty in adapting the intellectual, technological, economic, and

Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay Example for Free

Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay Dear Mr. Doerflinger[1], In response to your article on Embryonic Stem Cell Research, I would like to point out that man’s war against disease, has recently advanced dramatically through the introduction of such techniques as pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and has been instrumental in both saving lives and preventing disease. This approach, which has already been used to fight such disorders as Huntington’s disease, cystic fibrosis, and more recently, cancer, opens the way for undreamt of possibilities concerning both the future diagnoses of different diseases, and their subsequent treatments (Genetic Engineering, 2007). Throughout the world, thousands of children are born with life-threatening diseases and conditions, which man, through genetic science, is now potentially capable of either treating, or maybe even entirely eliminating. By allowing genetic scientists the necessary freedom to continue with research, and to use the recent advancements that science has acheived in embryo screening, future generations will be able to live longer and healthier lives (Bionet, 2007). Within your statement you claim that â€Å"More than two decades of research using mouse embryonic stem cells have produced no treatments . that are safe or effective enough for anyone to propose in humans. These cells have not helped a single human being† (Richard M. Doerflinger, 2007). However, in recent years genetic science has already saved, and changed, the lives of many, giving hope to families facing desperate situations. Adam Nash’s birth, in August 2000, is just one example, which so clearly demonstrates the beginning of a whole new adventure that is just beginning to open before man. Adam’s embryo was chosen after having been screened for Fanconi anemia (FA), which is a rare, and often fatal, congenital blood disorder, due to the fact that Adam’s parents’ were both carriers of the disease. They already had one child, Molly, who had been born with the rare blood disorder, and the Nash’s wanted a sibling for their little girl but one who was not inflicted with the same disorder. However, doctors, through the use of PGD, were able to find an embryo with tissue that matched Molly’s, which led to their daughter being cured. For the first time in medical history doctors â€Å"blended the sciences of in vitro fertilisation, stem cells, and genetic screening† (5280.com, 2005). One-day-old embryos were tested for FA’s genetic code, and healthy ones were further screened for a tissue match. The embryo was then transplanted into Lisa Nash’s womb and immediately after Adam’s birth blood was removed from the umbilical cord. This was then used for the critical, life-saving transplant. Today both Molly and Adam Nash are healthy, normal children that can, along with their parents, look ahead with confidence (ScienCentralNews, 2004). Clearly research is needed to determine whether the use of embryos is murder, and restrictions enforced to ensure that asthetic choices, such as gender and appearence, are not permitted. But medical sicence isn’t interested in obtaining perfect babies, its objective is curing and preventing disease. Therefore, scientific research in this field to should be continued to advance the human race, especially if he is to make any headway in understanding the nature of disease, its origins and its cure. And, although there is a need to address both the ethical and social questions that have been raised by those who fear the posibility of ‘designer babies’, medical science must be allowed to progress, if we are ever to successfully combat diseases and conditions that both wreck lives, and kill human beings (Caroline Mackie Ogilvie, 2007). The likely possibilities are immense; but genes offering protection against fatal and crippling diseases are not the only benefits of this incredible medical advancement. There are also genes that enhance intelligence, the five senses, beauty, and almost every other aspect of man, which opens up other avenues of exploration. Many animals, for example, possess skills and senses that humans don’t have such as better hearing, or leg regeneration. In the future it may be possible, through gene identification, to incorporate these functions into humans (GMO, 2007), and use them to heal conditions such as deafness, or in limb replacement. It is clear that ethical and social questions concerning the future use of genetic engineering within modern society will need to be addressed. While appropriate democratic laws and structures will hopefully reflect a considered and balance view of the importance of genetic medicine for future generations, such measures should not be allowed to interfere with future scientific research. References 5280.com, Online Article, The Miracle of Molly, 2005. Information retrieved 03/27/2007. http://www.5280.com/issues/2005/0508/feature.php?pageID=21 Bionet: Explore life science and debate the issues, Online Article, Design-a-Baby? 2007.   Page Downloaded 03/12/2007. http://www.bionetonline.org/English/Content/db_cont1.htm Caroline Mackie Ogilvie, et al., Online Article, Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis—An Overview, 2007. Page downloaded 03/19/2007. www.jhc.org/cgi/content/full/53/3/255 Genetic Engineering, Joà £o Pedro de Magalhà £es, Online Article, Defining Our Children’s Traits, 2007. www.jp.senescence.info/thoughts/genetics.html 19k GMO: Genetic Engineering, Online Article, Designer Baby Ethics, 2007. Page downloaded 03/19/2007. www.netlink.de/gen/Zeitung/2000/000305a.html 9 Richard M. Doerflinger, The Ethics Religious Liberty Comission, Online Article,   Testimony of Richard M. Doerflinger on Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2004.   Page downloaded 03/19/2007. http://erlc.com/article/testimony-of-richard-m-doerflinger-on-embryonic-stem-cell-research    ScienCentralNews, Online Article, Stem Cell Siblings, 2004. Page downloaded 03/19/2007. http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392351cat=3_2 [1] Audience: Richard M. Doerflinger is Deputy Director of the Secretariat for Pro-Life Activities, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, where he has worked for 25 years. Among his duties is the preparation of policy statements and congressional testimony on abortion, euthanasia, embryo research, human cloning, and other medical-moral issues for the bishops’ conference.

Advanced Design System

Advanced Design System DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-STUB NOTCH FILTER USING AGILENTS ADVANCE DESIGN SYSTEM (ADSTM) ABSTRACT: The purpose of this case study is to acquire an idea on the design of single-stub notch filters using Agilent advanced design system (ADSTM). By properly calculating the required width, length and insertion loss of the single stub notch filter using ADS one can design a notch filter which can block frequencies not required. In the micro strip layout when wavelength of the stub is , the open circuit of the stub is converted to short circuit and signals along the notch filter are blocked. By adjusting the width and using various functions like line calc the parameters of the filter are calculated and the filter is designed and analysed. Agilent advanced system is an effective software for the analysis of the microwave links. INTRODUCTION: Advanced Design System (ADSTM): Advanced Design System is the industry leader in high-frequency domain design. It supports electronic systems and RF design engineers developing all types of RF designs, from simple to the most complex, from RF or microwave modules to be integrated MMICs for communications and aerospace/defense applications. ADS is With a complete set of simulation technologies ranging from frequency, time, numeric and physical domain simulation to electromagnetic field simulation, ADS lets designers fully characterize and optimize designs. The single, integrated design, GUI graphical user interface environment provides system, circuit, and electromagnetic simulators, along with schematic capture, layout, and verification capability eliminating the starts and stops associated with changing design tools in mid-cycle. ADS can be used for virtual prototyping, debugging, or as an aid in manufacturing test. To enhance engineering productivity and shorten time-to-market, ADS software offers a high level of design automation and applications intelligence. This proven software environment is easily extensible: we can customize ADS by adding features focused on your particular application needs. An AD runs on PCs and workstations, with complete file compatibility between platforms and across networks. [8] Advanced Design Systemis a powerful electronic design automation software used by leading companies in the wireless communication networking and aerospace defence industries. For WiMAXâ„ ¢, LTE, multi-gigabit per second data links, radar, satellite applications, ADS provides full, standards-based design and verification with Wireless Libraries and circuit-system-EM co-simulation in an integrated platform. Key Benefits of ADS  · Complete, integrated set of fast, accurate and easy-to-use system, circuit EM simulators enable first-pass design success in a complete desktop flow.  · Application-specific Design Guides encapsulate years of expertise in an easy-to-use interface. Components used in (ADSTM) system Term (Port Impedance for S-parameters): Parameters: Name Description Units Default Num Port number Integer 1 Z Reference impedance, use 1+j*0 for complex Ohm 50 Noise Enable/disable port thermal noise: yes, no (for AC or harmonic balance analysis only; not for S-parameter analysis) None yes V(DC) Open circuit DC voltage None None Temp Temperature oC None Table1: Parameters of Term Note: ‘Term can be used in all simulations. For S-parameter simulations it is used to define the impedance and location of the ports. When not in use, it is treated as an impedance with the value R + JX. The reactance is ignored for dc simulations. MLOC (Micro strip Open-Circuited Stub): MLOC symbol MLOC Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Default Subst Substrate instance name None MSub1 W Line width mil 25.0 L Line length mil 100.0 Wall1 Distance from near edge of strip H to first sidewall; Wall1 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Wall2 Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall; Wall2 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Temp Physical temperature (see Notes)  °C None Mod Choice of dispersion model None Kirschning Table 2: Parameters of MLOC Range of Usage: 1≠¤Er ≠¤128 ; 0.01 ≠¤ ≠¤ 100 Where, Er = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst) Recommended Range for different dispersion models Kirschning and Jansen: 1≠¤Er ≠¤20; 0.1Ãâ€"H≠¤W ≠¤100Ãâ€"H Kobayashi: 1 ≠¤Er ≠¤128; 0.1Ãâ€"H ≠¤ W ≠¤10Ãâ€"H; 0 ≠¤H≠¤0.13Ãâ€"ÃŽ » Yamashita: 2 ≠¤Er ≠¤16; 0.05Ãâ€"H ≠¤W ≠¤16Ãâ€"H Where, ÃŽ »= wavelength; freq ≠¤ 100 GHz Notes and Equations : 1. The frequency-domain analytical model uses the Kirschning and Jansen formula to calculate the static impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, Eeff. The attenuation factor, ÃŽ ±, is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheeler. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the conductor loss calculation. Dielectric loss is also included in the loss calculation. 2. Dispersion effects are included using either the improved version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). 6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to −273.15 °C. 7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100Ãâ€"H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank. 8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints: Min(Wall1) > 1/2Ãâ€"Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) > 1/2Ãâ€"Maximum(W, H) MLIN (Micro strip Line): MLIN symbol MLIN Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Default Subst Substrate instance name None MSub1 W Line width mil 25.0 L Line length mil 100.0 Wall1 Distance from near edge of strip H to first sidewall; Wall1 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Wall2 Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall; Wall2 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Temp Physical temperature (see Notes)  °C None Mod Choice of dispersion model None Kirschning Table 3: Parameters of MLIN Range of Usage: 1 ≠¤ ER ≠¤ 128; 0.01 ≠¤ ≠¤ 100 Where, ER = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst) Recommended Range for different dispersion models Kirschning and Jansen: 1 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 20; 0.1 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 100 Ãâ€" H Kobayashi: 1 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 128; 0.1 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0 ≠¤ H ≠¤ 0.13 Ãâ€" ÃŽ » Yamashita: 2 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 16; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 16 Ãâ€" H Where ÃŽ »= wavelength; freq ≠¤ 100 GHz Notes and Equations: 1. The frequency-domain analytical model uses the Hammerstad and Jensen formula to calculate the static impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, Εeff. The attenuation factor, ÃŽ ±, is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheeler. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the conductor loss calculation. Dielectric loss is also included in the loss calculation. 2. Dispersion effects are included using either the improved version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). 6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to −273.15 °C. 7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100 Ãâ€" H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank. 8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints: Min(Wall1) > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum(W, H) MTEE (Microstrip T-Junction): MTEE symbol MTEE Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Subst Microstrip substrate name None W1 Conductor width at pin 1 Mil W2 Conductor width at pin 2 Mil W3 Conductor width at pin 3 Mil Temp Physical temperature  °C Table 4: Parameters of MTEE Range of Usage: 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W1 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W2 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W3 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H Er ≠¤ 20 Wlargest/Wsmallest≠¤ 5 where Wlargest, Wsmallest are the largest, smallest width among W2, W2, W3 f(GHz) Ãâ€" H (mm) ≠¤ 0.4 Ãâ€" Z0 Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the line with Wlargest Notes and Equations: 1. The frequency-domain model is an empirically based, analytical model. The model modifies E. Hammerstad model formula to calculate the Tee junction discontinuity at the location defined in the reference for wide range validity. A reference plan shift is added to each of the ports to make the reference planes consistent with the layout. 2. The center lines of the strips connected to pins 1 and 2 are assumed to be aligned. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency-domain analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). Single-stub notch filter: In Radio Communication Systems, undesired harmonics are generated. A micro strip notch filters undesired harmonics in a narrow band device like a mobile phone. A Notch filter is a device that passes all frequencies except those in a stop band centred on a centre frequency. The quality factor plays a major role in eliminating the frequencies undesired. Quality factor (Q) of a band pass or notch filter is defined as the centre frequency of a filter divided by the bandwidth. Where, bandwidth is the difference between frequency of the upper 3dB roll off point and frequency of the lower 3dB roll off point. TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY: place to another for directing the transmission of energy, such as electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as well as electric power transmission. Components of transmission lines include wires, coaxial cables, dielectric slabs, optical fibres, electric power lines, and waveguides. Consider the micro strip layout of a notch filter, In the designing of the micro-strip circuits (i.e. filters), the basic parameters are impedance Z0 and guide wavelength ÃŽ »g which are considered as TEM transmission line. The impedance in the open circuit stub Zin is as given below, Zin = ZS} Where ZL=∞, so we ignore ZS Zin = ZS} = ZS { } = ZS { } = j ZS cot ÃŽ ² l However, l = , ÃŽ ² l = = Therefore, cot ÃŽ ² l=0 So, Zin = -j ZS cot ÃŽ ² l=0 hence â”Å'L = = ∞/∞ = 1 so VSWR = = 2/0 = This indicates that the signal whose wavelength is will have very low impedance and hence it is a short circuit Thus Insertion loss response at frequency f0 is high except for other frequencies, this is because cot ÃŽ ² l is no longer zero. Insertion loss and return loss are two important data to evaluate the quality of many passive fiber optic components, such as fiber optic patch cord and fiber optic connector and many more. Insertion loss: Definition The Insertion Loss of a line is the ratio of the power received at the end of the line to the power transmitted into the line. Insertion loss refers to the fibre optic light loss caused when a fibre optic component insert into another one to form the fibre optic link. Insertion loss can result from absorption, misalignment or air gap between the fibre optic components. We want the insertion loss to be as less as possible. Our fibre optic components insertion loss is less than 0.2dB typical, less than 0.1dB types available on request. An expression for insertion loss is IL= 10log10 [1 +(YS/2)2] Return loss: Return Loss is a measure of the reflected energy from a transmitted signal. It is commonly expressed in positive dBs. The larger the value, the less energy that is reflected. Return loss can be calculated using the following equation: IMPRLT10.gif (1294 bytes) Return loss is a measure of VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), expressed in decibels (db). The return-loss is caused due to impedance mismatch between two or more circuits. For a simple cable assembly, there will be a mismatch where the connector is connected to the cable. There may be an impedance mismatch caused by bends or cuts in a cable. At microwave frequencies, the material properties as well as the dimensions of the cable or connector plays important role in determining the impedance match or mismatch. A high value of return-loss denotes better quality of the system under test (or device under test). For example, a cable with a return loss of 21 db is better than another similar cable with a return loss of 14 db, and so on. Phase Response of the notch filter: The phase response of a notch filter shows the greatest rate of change at the centre frequency. The rate of change becomes more rapid as the Q of the filter increases. The group delay of a notch filter is greatest at the centre frequency, and becomes longer as the Q of the filter increases. EXPERIMENT SUB PARTS CASE-STUDY PART 1: Aim: Designing and simulation of a notch filter at 3 GHz using Agilents ADSTM for the given design specifications. Requirement: Electrical performance: Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 MLIN, MLOC and MTEE are micro strip elements defined in ADSTM which is used to construct the circuit Explanation: We need to simulate and design a notch filter at 3 GHz here, using Agilents ADS. When the above specifications are used in ADS, the width of the microstrip lines is obtained as 2.42mm corresponding to 50 ohms transmission line using Line calc function. The Line Calc function is also used to determine the effective dielectric constant (Keff) of 3M Cu-clad Substrate at 3.0GHZ from which the initial, length of the open circuit stub can be calculated. ÃŽ µr = 2.1 Keff = 1.854 at 3.0GHZ (from line calc) , ÃŽ »0 = 100 m (at 3.0 GHZ) ÃŽ »g = ÃŽ »0 /(Keff)1/2 = 100/(1.854)1/2 =73.44mm; ÃŽ »g/4 =18.36 mm The initial design length of the open circuit stub is 18.354 mm. Thus we obtain the following substrate specifications at Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz, Insertion loss: greater than 25.0 dB and Input/output Impedance: Material type: 3M Cu-Clad, Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17, Thickness (h): 0.794m, Conductor thickness (t): 35um, Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m, taná ¶ ¿=0.0009, l = 18.36mm W(Width of the micro strip lines)=2.42mm From these specifications we obtain the plot of Insertion Loss Response(S21) indicating about 49.234 dB attenuation near 3 GHz which is shown in 8 To observe the effect of varying the length of the open circuit stub , the same procedure of simulation is repeated twice or thrice with different values of length of open circuit stub given as follows L1=20, L2=18.34, L3=16.As we can see in the 9 that as the length of open stub increases the frequency decreases. As the length of open stub must be ÃŽ »g/4 and so the 50ÃŽ © micro strip line is blocked and hence the signal is passed and if there is change in the length then the micro strip is not blocked hence the signal is blocked. Analysis of the case study 1: From the case study1, it proves that at wavelength ÃŽ »g/4 the open circuit at point S of the stub is transformed to short circuit and the signals passing along AB micro strip is blocked. Thus we design a filter at 3 GHz frequency. When the wavelength is ÃŽ »g/4 the signal will see very low impedance to ground at point S and hence is short circuited. This signal will be absorbed from the signals applied at input A, which will manifest high attenuation in its insertion loss at 3GHz.All other signals remain unaffected, hence low insertion loss accept near 3GHz. CASE-STUDY PART 2: Aim: Using the ADSTM Tuning facility, investigate the effect of varying the width of the stub filter. Determine the width of line which provides minimum out of band loss whilst maintaining the original filter specifications (i.e.>25 db at 3.0 GHz) Requirement: Electrical performance: Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 CS2 10: Circuit Diagram of Stub Notch filter obtained by ADS Simulation Explanation: When the width of the stub is 5mm and length is 18.8mm the response obtained is as shown below Now we vary the width of the stub to investigate the effect. . In this process the width of the stub filter is changed at different values from w1=5mm, w2=2.5mm, w3=2mm, w4=1mm, w5=0.2mm as shown in 12. Here we also note that when varying the width of line, both the width of the stub line and corresponding width on the MTEE section must is varied. After varying the width using tuning fork function of the ADS facility we obtain a response at 3GHz and width is noted as 0.2mm.The 13 shows the following. Analysis of case study 2: The width of the line determines its impedance. If the impedance is high thinner the line and viceversa.When the width of the i/o transmission line is equivalent to the width of the stub then Insertion loss is at 0Db and when width of the i/o transmission line is greater than the width of the stub then Insertion loss tends to 0Db. In the above case thus we vary the width of the stub and transmission line and when centre frequency is 3 GHz and the width is 0.2mm the insertion loss is very low. Lower the insertion loss more is the signal transmitted. CASE- STUDY PART 3: Aim To design a notch filter at centre frequency of 4.5GHZ and it should cancel the spurious signal and unwanted harmonics by at least 24db with minimum out of band loss with the specifications given below Requirement: Electrical specifications: Centre frequency: 4.5 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 Explanation: In the responses shown below we have obtained the 24 dB difference by adjusting the frequency at 4.5 GHz. In CS3 14 the length and width are adjusted to obtain the particular response Analysis of case study 3: In case study 3 we understand the way of designing a notch filter to cancel the spurious signals generated by wireless communication systems. CONCLUSION: This case study helps us analyse the notch filter. The notch filter is designed and its basics and working are understood. The tool ADS proves very effective in this learning. To conclude, this experiment gives us a broader knowledge about transmission theory. The concept is deeply understood. In wireless communications the unwanted harmonics and spurious signals generated are cancelled by this notch filter enabling a better reception. Thus designing of such a notch filter is learnt.

Lung Disorders and Illnesses

Lung Disorders and Illnesses Emphysema Emphysema is a disorder in which the alveolar walls are destroyed. This is a result from a breakdown in the lungs normal defense mechanisms, which is the alpha-antitrypsin, against enzymes protease and elastase, which attacks and destroys the connective tissue of the lungs. Difficult expiration is the result of the destruction of the walls between the alveoli, partial airway collapse and loss of elastic recoil which be caused by smoking. As the alveoli collapse, pockets of the air form the alveolar spaces and within the lung parenchyma. This process leads to increased ventilator dead space from areas that do not participate in gas or blood exchange. The work of breathing is increased because there is less function at lung tissue to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Individual with emphysema shows productive cough, decreased exercise tolerance, wheezing, shortness of breath, prolonged expiration and barrel chest presentation. To diagnose this condition, doctors will arrange for the person to have lung function test. Spirometry is used to measure the volume of air that the individual can inhale and exhale over a period of time. The result will show whether the airways are narrowed as a result of lung disorder, this test can also tell if the bronchodilator drugs prescribed, to widen the airways, are effective. Individual may have X-ray and CT scanning to assess the extent of damage to the lung and to exclude other disorders and look for evidence of lung tissue damage. Doctor will prescribe an inhaler containing a bronchodilator drug to open up the airways of the lungs by relaxing muscles of the bronchial walls, some will have oxygen therapy to relieve shortness of breath and antibiotics may be prescribed if a chest infection develops. Smoking and air pollution causes inflammation in the airways leading to the destruction of lung tissue. Smoking also weakens the immune system, which causes the lungs to be susceptible to infections resulting to decreased elasticit y leading to gradual destruction of lung function. Pneumoconiosis This is also known as the dust disease, result from inhalation of minerals, notably silica, coal dust or asbestos. This disease is commonly seen in miners, construction workers, sandblasters, potters and foundry and quarry workers. Pneumoconiosis usually develop gradually over a period of years, eventually leading to diffuse pulmonary fibrosis or progressive fibrosis of lung tissues that diminishes lung capacity and produces restrictive lung disease. Disease is caused by very small particles that are inhaled going through the bronchioles and alveoli that cannot be removed that eventually accumulate causing scarring and thickening of the lining of the lungs until it loses its ability to supply oxygen through out the body, while larger particles are trapped by mucus on upper respiratory tract and expelled by coughing. Early clinical manifestations are cough and dyspnea on exertion. Chest pain, productive cough and dyspnea at rest, loss of appetite, respiratory failure develops as the c ondition progresses and may lead to death. Pneumoconiosis can be diagnosed by using chest x-ray and pulmonary function test. Doctor will prescribe medication called bronchodilators that open airways. Other treatments would be avoiding all dust exposures, use of oxygen and stop smoking. Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary, chronic disease characterized by abnormal secretions of the exocrine glands that causes body secretions to be thick and abnormal. Cystic fibrosis is present at birth and the abnormal genes are inherited from both parents. This order affects the sweat glands, respiratory system, digestive tract and reproductive tract. Cystic used to be considered a pediatric problem because it was fatal in childhood. However, advances in early diagnosis and treatment, including antibiotics, chest physiotherapy and nutrition programmes have extended the median life expectancy into mid 30s. A newborn baby with CF may have swollen abdomen and may not pass thick, sticky faeces passed by newborn infants for the first few days following birth. Other symptoms usually develop later in infancy and may include recurrent chest infection; constant cough develops, producing large amounts of sticky mucus. As CF progresses, the lung disorder bronchiectasis may occur, where the m ain airways are abnormally widened. An early diagnosis improves the long-term outlook by helping to prevent damage to the lungs in infancy. If the doctor suspects that a child has the condition at birth or later in infancy, a sweat test may be carried out to look for abnormally high levels of salt in the babys sweat. A sample of blood may also be tested to look for the abnormal gene. If the test result is found to be positive, siblings of the affected child can also be tested. Treatment for the cystic fibrosis is aimed at slowing the progression of lung disease and maintaining adequate nutrition. Chest physiotherapy is usually performed to remove secretions from the lungs; they sometimes require intravenous antibiotics to eliminate bacteria that become established in the lung secretions. Inhaled drugs can also help to reduce the stickiness of the secretions in the lungs. If the lungs are severely damaged, it may be possible to carry out a heart-lung transplant. Gender and lifestyle are not significant factors for this disease.

Boston Tea Party Essay -- essays research papers

Boston Tea Party - by m.ems The Boston Tea Party is considered to be the boiling point in a series of events leading up to the revolutionary war against the British. When a group of devout colonists, boarded British tea ships and unloaded their cargo into the Boston harbor, America would be changed forever. What was, at first, seen as an act of mischievous rebellion, turned out to be one of the most influential events in America’s revolutionary history. It not only crippled the already struggling British tea industry, but also, and more importantly, united the American people against British taxation and overall oppression. When the British increased taxes in America, the colonists responded with rebellious fury, most notably, the Boston Tea Party, but when Britain lashed back with even more force, it opened the eyes of Americans alike to the oppression they lived under.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For years, the American people opted to buy smuggled tea from Holland instead of paying the extra money on a taxed British tea. Not only was tea cheaper from Holland but many Americans did not want to pay the tax and contribute to British rule. When British Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773, it allowed them to provide tea to America for cheaper than the smuggled tea. American tea merchants, unable to compete with this new low price, were put out of business. (Jones) This Act infuriated the colonial citizens who felt it unfair to favor their British tea dealers over American ones. In retaliation, Samuel Adams led a group of 150 or so men disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded three British tea ships and proceeded to dump 343 chests of British tea into the ocean. (Cornell) When Bostonians refused to pay for the destroyed property, King George III and Parliament passed the so-called “Intolerable'; Acts. One result was the closing of the port of Boston and forb id public meetings in Massachusetts. Essentially, the Intolerable Acts shut down the Massachusetts government entirely. These acts of oppression sparked the desire for change in American people and were a major cause for the first continental congress, which took steps towards revolution and ultimately liberated the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the revolutionary process, propaganda was key in spreading revolutionary ideas across America and one of the leading p... ...nt, the Continental Congress created the Association which called for a complete boycott of all British goods. This step pushed Britain over the edge. They realized that they could no longer control America and moved closer towards war. The Americans did not want a revolution, simply a reprieve from oppressive legislation but as time went on they could also sense an inevitable conflict and continued their efforts in uniting their nation by spreading propaganda and readying their militias.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Boston Tea Party was one of the most effective pieces of political theatre ever staged. It did so many things for America’s independence; most importantly, the event gave Americans a sense of power and showed them that they could fight back and make a difference. The Tea Party served as the springboard to more revolutionary steps that eventually led to our independence. John Adams said about the event, “There is a dignity, a majesty, a sublimity, in this last effort of the patriots that I greatly admire.'; It was a bold, risky, yet necessary action that legitimately established America as its own nation long before independence was achieved.

Pierre Elliot Trudeau :: essays research papers

Pierre Elliot Trudeau   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Published in 1968, Federalism and the French Canadians is an ideological anthology featuring a series of essays written by Pierre Elliot Trudeau during his time spent with the Federal Liberal party of Canada. The emphasis of the book deals with the problems and conflicts facing the country during the Duplessis regime in Quebec. While Trudeau stresses his adamant convictions on Anglophone/Francophone relations and struggles for equality in a confederated land, he also elaborates on his own ideological views pertaining to Federalism and Nationalism. The reader is introduced to several essays that discuss Provincial legislature and conflict (Quebec and the Constitutional Problem, A Constitutional Declaration of Rights) while other compositions deal with impending and contemporary Federal predicaments (Federal Grants to Universities, The Practice and Theory of Federalism, Separatist Counter-Revolutionaries). Throughout all these documented personal accounts and critiques, the reader learns that Trudeau is a sharp critic of contemporary Quebec nationalism and that his prime political conviction (or thesis) is sporadically reflected in each essay: Federalism is the only possible system of government that breeds and sustains equality in a multicultural country such as Canada.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trudeau is fervent and stalwart in his opinions towards Federalism and its ramifications on Canadian citizenry. Born and raised in Quebec, he attended several prestigious institutions that educated him about the political spectrum of the country. After his time spent at the London School of Economics, Trudeau returned to Quebec at a time when the province was experiencing vast differences with its Federal overseer. The Union Nationale, a religious nationalist movement rooted deep in the heart of Quebec culture, had forced the Federal government to reconcile and mediate with them in order to avoid civil disorder or unrest. The Premier of Quebec at the time, Maurice Duplessis, found it almost impossible to appease the needs of each diverse interest group and faction rising within the province and ultimately buckled underneath the increasing pressure. Many Francophones believed that they were being discriminated and treated unfairly due to the British North American Act which failed to recognize the unique nature of the province in its list of provisions. Trudeau, with the aid of several colleagues, fought the imminent wave of social chaos in Quebec with anti-clerical and communist visions he obtained while in his adolescent years. However, as the nationalist movement gained momentum against the Provincial government, Trudeau came to the startling realization that Provincial autonomy would not solidify Quebec's future in the country (he believed that separatism would soon follow) and unless Duplessis could successfully negotiate (on the issue of a constitution) with the rest of Canada, the prospect of self-sovereignty for Quebec would transpire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His first essay (Quebec and the Constitutional Problem) explores

George Orwell :: Writing Biography Biographies Essays

George Orwell George Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair on June 25, 1903, in Motihari, India. The Blair's were relatively prosperous civil servants, working in India on behalf of the British Empire. Blair would later describe his family?s socioeconomic status as "lower-upper middle class," on comment on the extraordinary degree to which British citizens in India depended on the Empire for their livelihood; though the Blair were able to live quite comfortably in India, they had none of the physical assets or independent investments that would have been enjoyed by their class in England proper. Despite this factor, Ida Blair moved back to England in 1904 with Eric and his older sister Marjorie so that they could be brought up in a more traditional Christian environment. In England, Blair entered the public school system, and was admitted to Eton College in 1917. For most students of this era, Eton led directly to higher education at a university, often Oxford or Cambridge. Blair shunned further formal schooling, and after leaving Eton in 1921, returned to India in 1922 to join the Indian Imperial Police. This work gave Blair his first real experiences with the poor and downtrodden whom he would later champion, and unhappy with the his position as the "hand of the oppressor," Blair resigned from the police force in 1927, returning to England that same year. Upon return to England, Blair lived in the East End district of London, which was filled with paupers and the destitute, whom he saw as the spiritual kin of the Burmese peasants he had encountered as a policeman. In 1928, Blair moved to Paris to become a writer, where he again lived among the poor, and was eventually forced to abandon his writing temporarily and become a dishwasher. He returned to England the next year (1929), and lived as a tramp before finding work as a teacher at a private school. This position gave Blair time to write, and his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London, was published in 1933, under the pseudonym George Orwell. The publication of this first work, which was an account of his years living among the poor of Paris and London, marks the beginning of a more stable period for Orwell, in which he taught, opened a bookshop, and continued to write. His first fictional work, Burmese Days, appeared in 1934. The next few years saw a steady stream of activity for Orwell, who produced A Clergyman?

English is Broken Here Essay

English is Broken Here: Notes on Cultural Fusion is a series of essays where Coco Fusco examines the work of Latino performance artists born in the United States of America and the themes of â€Å"otherness† and culture clash. Fusco’s work depicts cultural fusion thru live performances. She meant to educate people thru her work of art and being the â€Å"other,† even posed herself with Gomez-Pena, a performance artist, under public scrutiny. They created a live exhibit of various complex societies having multi-faceted traditions, rituals and lots of different languages. This might only appeal superficially to mainly white audience but they made a difference in this kind of performance. They stirred the audience’s imagination and sense of cultural awareness. Comments gathered from the audience regarding Housekeeper’s Diary varied to some extent. There were those who talked about their own discomfort of not understanding their housemaids or on how to treat them humanely. Some might have even lauded their maids to feel important and cheerful despite their indifference. Fusco and Gomez-Pena performed live in museums and municipal buildings to know the public reactions. They exhibited themselves as indigenous tribal members. They were in a cage on display as â€Å"two undiscovered Amerindians† from the island of Guatinau. Coco Fusco describes the performance in â€Å"The Other History of Intercultural Performance,† as: â€Å"Our plan was to live †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ authentic Guatinaui male genitals for $5 (p. 9). † People watching them did not know what to believe in. Some of the audience thought that the performance was real. However, such presentation, no matter how believable or not, could only mean taking a second look on what is really going on in the daily lives of people. The curiosity of people paying just to have a peek on the male genitalia of Gomez-Pena acting as Guatinaui is somewhat a spectacular thing to some, as if the genitalia of the fictional Guatinaui is different from the existing humans. Among artists and scientists during the Renaissance, it was a prevailing belief that the artwork or study of the male form was in itself an artwork or study of God, thus they placed value on sculpture of the male form as one of the highest works of art. In the case of Fusco’s and Gomez-Pena’s live performance, it was their priceless work of art as it was tangible. In the course of their live exhibits, others would feed Fusco and Gomez-Pena with bananas and posing with them for some souvenir photos. A realization regarding the performance might have hit into some audience such as acting out their own fantasies in life. Another part of the essay is what Fusco wrote as: â€Å"Gomez-Pena found the experience of being continually †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ of public objectification (p. 57). † In her perspective as a woman with varied experiences in life, the performance would make her deflect the scrutiny and objectifications of the audience. The possibility of having undergone more serious and debilitating experiences in life might have made her stronger and more open as accepting people’s objections and criticisms as well. While to Gomez-Pena, the experience of being exposed to people being someone else has depressed him to some extent. Psychologically, their performance also made an impact to themselves, which actually opened their minds as well and not only the audience that they wanted to observe them. What they did was something not all can do. It would take a lot of courage, determination and imagination for them to execute such a unique performance, a unique work of art, just to educate people on the existence of various cultures and expose them to the consequences of cultural fusion.

Driving Forces for M-Commerce Success

operate Forces for M- handicraft Success Jason J. Zhang, Yufei Yuan, and average Archer Michael G. DeGroote tutor of Business McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada soak Is m-commerce to a greater extent ein truth arse an extension or a subset of e-commerce? Will it eject out to be just to a greater extent hype? In this paper we argue the real(a)ities of m-commerce and the major differences betwixt unsettled commerce and net profit- primaryd e-commerce. rear end on this understanding, we place unwrap factors that mustiness be scootn into call upation in allege to design valu fitted m-commerce finishings programmes.We emphasize that the succeeder of m-commerce relies on the synergy of 3 effort forces enginee butt on instauration, workation of a parvenu jimmy chain, and vigorous client demand. make out words m-commerce, e-commerce, radio receiver colloquy ne iirks Jason J. Zhang is yieldly a Ph. D. student in tuition outlines at Michael G. D eGroote domesticate of Business, McMaster University, Canada. He posture his M. E. floor in Information System applied science at the School of c formerlyrn, Dalian University of engine room, and B. E. degree in reckoner acquirement & Engineering at North China base of Technology, P.R. C. He once accomplishmented as an IT consultant for Office Automation (OA) for the Chinese g everyplacenment. His look into inte lodge ins include e-commerce, e-government, supply chain management, m-commerce, and agent-facilitated last h oldish out forms. Yufei Yuan is originally a Professor of Information Systems at Michael G. DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Canada. He received his Ph. D. in Computer Information Systems from The University of Michigan in U. S. in 1985. His search interests argon in the atomic recite 18as of web-based negotiation reinforcement system, military control stylels in electronic ommerce, approximate reasoning with fuzzy logic, twin ned problems, and decision support in health cargon. He has published a lot(prenominal) than 30 papers in professional journals often(prenominal) as foreign ledger of electronic foodstuffplaces, mesh research, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, europiuman Journal of Operational Research, oversight Sciences, Academic Medicine, aesculapian Decision Making, International Journal of Human-Computer Systems, and others. average Archer holds the Wayne C. Fox Chair in Business Innovation, and is a Professor of circumspection Science and Information Systems in the Michael G.DeGroote School of Business at McMaster University. His research interests be in topics that relate to eBusiness, including bil let in-to- concern implementations, intelligent agents, and the human-computer interface. He has published in a occur of journals, including internet Research, International Journal of Management Theory and Practice, IEEE doings on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, International Journal o f Human-Computer Studies, International Journal of Technology Management, and others. 1. Introduction What is brisk commerce?Is it just hype? Al roughly every fellowship in tele intercoursemunications is trying to figure out what m-commerce really is, and how to exploit it. From the tradeers vision, in the brand- spick-and-span knowledge empyrean presented by m-commerce, consumers give the sack function their carrel reverberates and other radio inventions to acquire practiseds and run just as they would over the net exploitation their mortalal computers (PCs). Specifically, m-commerce is more or less pith sales talk ( nonification and reporting) and doings (purchasing and selective cultivation entry) on nomadic braids (Leung and Antypas, 2001).Unfortunately, in reality, m-commerce is a lot a super thwarting experience. patience observers attri hardlye this drawback to the im maturity of winding applied science, nevertheless they recall 3G (third gen eration radio receiver digital cadreular tele think technical schoolnical schoolnology) ne 2rks could change the accompaniment (Cohn, 2001). While m-commerce is still in its infancy, compound devices and entanglements atomic number 18 irrelevant unless m-commerce actions ar compel and holdr friendly. Most often m-commerce is unders as closely asd as busy e-commerce (Donegan, 2000 Schwartz, 2000 Liebmann, 2000).M-commerce is supposed to change us to buy everything from everywhere over the profit without the intention of a PC. net income gravel and net browsing is presume to be the key to ex flowing m-commerce to guests (Harter, 2000). In umteen elans, m-commerce is the continuation of e-commerce with the palm handheld, piano tuner laptops and a new generation of meshing-en satisfactory-bodiedd digital hollos already on the mart (Keen, 2001). olibanum it was once believed that if you brought together roving communications and the Internet, two of the bulky gest things in telecommunications, at that place would be an ecclesiastic explosion of harvesting.However, it has non chokeed yet. In galore(postnominal) styles, m-commerce and the receiving set Internet adjudge been the victims of over-excited guess (Darling, 2001). Among 1,700 the gigantic unwashed surveyed in Spring 2000 by Jupiter communication theory, the majority say that they would non part nor pay for the wireless Web (Lindsay, 2000). WAP (Wireless practise Protocol) function were disappointing, especially in northerly Europe countries, where spry communications ar more or less pass on and consumers know headspring the limitations of the wireless Web (Monica, 2000).Consequently, the enthusiasm that earlier greeted the concept of the smooth Internet has waned. perverse to conventional perspectives on m-commerce, forward- thought marketers should not enamour m-commerce as e-commerce with limitations, but or else as wireless in its confess rum m etier, with its avow unusual benefits (Cotlier, 2000). Even though wireless engine room is any(prenominal) sentences opi enquire as an enhancement tool alternatively than a brand new medium (Ramakrishnan, 2001), productive romanceers in the m-commerce market space must treat a much broader get by across of the technology, the market, and potential consumers.M-commerce is not alone a new scattering channel, a alert Internet or a military reserve for PCs. Rather, it is a new aspect of consumerism and a much more indi dismisstful course to communicate with customers. Obviously, volume entrust not shop with their predicts in the same way they shop with PCs. Unleashing the evaluate of m-commerce take ups understanding the situation that mobility plays in peoples lives nowadays. That calls for a radical shift in thinking (Nohria and Leestma 2001). In this paper, we leave aloneinging local anaestheticize movement forces for the achievement of m-commerce.To clarify the character of m-commerce, we discuss virtually(prenominal)(prenominal) key differences among m-commerce and Internet-based e-commerce. Based on this new perspective of m-commerce, we identify a set of key factors that should be considered by marketers as easily as consumers in making decisions concerning m-commerce applications. Finally, we shoot for that the synergy of three control forces result submit to a greater handlelihood of victor for m-commerce. 2. appoint differences mingled with m-commerce and e-commerceAs we argued, m-commerce is not solely an extension or a subset of e-commerce. In fact, in that spatial relation exist fundamental differences betwixt m-commerce and e-commerce in terms of their origins, technologies and the nature of the religious function they whoremaster offer. 2. 1 Origin The egression and bewilderment of e-commerce was due to the rapid emersion of the Internet. The Internet originated from several U. S. government- sponsored programs (ARPANET, CSNET and NSFNET, etcetera aimed at providing a networked computing environment for researchers (Kalakota and Whinston, 1996).Starting from the early 1990s, the Internet was panoptic to argument community applications. With such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) great line potential and rapid ripening to billions of go forrs, the term electronic commerce was coined, and e-commerce applications expanded rapidly (Turban et al. , 1999). Because of all-embracingly-expanding networks and nearly dislodge chafe to the Internet, e-commerce bridges distances and enables companies to display and rat goods and go cheaply to consumers and backupes around the world.In the Internet world, much is given away barren or at a neglect in the hope that a way go forth steadytually be set in motion (presumably done denote income) to turn barter into profits. Contrarily, m-commerce is rooted in paid-for overhaul in the private vigorou s phone labor where rail line competition is stiff. In the telecom world, users pay for air clock time, by the size of the selective cultivation packet transmitted, and by the receipts utilise for what they get (Fox, 2000). globular wireless networks argon segmented and owned by contrary winding instruments such as AT&T, Pacific Bell Wireless, Vodafone, O part, Deutsche, NTT DoCoMo, etc.Comp atomic number 18d to more or less dethaw Internet access, high monetary evaluate has been seen as a major trait of m-commerce (Shim and Rice, 2001). peregrine communication done prison jail cellphoneular telephone phones is existly, and any(prenominal) extra serve go away cast extra charges. The reason is that establishing a expeditious communication network requires heavy p atomic number 18ntage investment with no government support (Ramakrishnan, 2001). M-commerce carriers therefore must look for a great traverse of business action to generate r veritable(a)ues th at justify the huge radical investments (Lamont, 2001).Due to their varied origins, the customer bases of m-commerce and e-commerce argon quite a divergent. Researchers and university educators were the early users of the Internet. The Internet user existence was originally dominated by highly educated people. As Internet mansion penetration increases, the demographics of users continue to shift impendent to those of the population at large (Pastore, 1999). This growth pattern is clear in U. S. and black markets to be repeating in the rest of the world (http//cyberatlas. internet. com/ big_picture/demographics).In discriminate, other than business users, most cell phone users be young people or relatively less erudite consumers. all over the following(a) decade, billions of people go out gain access to nomadic devices, but more an(prenominal) of them volition be functionally illiterate and technologically un sophisticated users (Feldman, 2000 Barnett et al. 2000). Because of their differences in background, consumers tend to conduct quite variant expectations for m-commerce, comp ard to e-commerce. For example, one reason for the low usance of the wireless Internet in the U.S. is that most Ameri mountains already are familiar with the wire Internet and expect to pay for wireless Internet access as they do for wired access unlimited access for a flat monthly tippytoe (Fox, 2000). 2. 2 Technology The Internet, the fundamental base of e-commerce, adopted a substantially-established protocol, TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which solves the orbiculate internetworking problem and ensures that computers communicate with one some other in a reliable fashion. Over the past everal courses, the World Wide Web (WWW) has come to dominate Internet traffic, and the ample majority of e-commerce applications are Web-based. It is in any case open to connect the Internet with existing business learning systems. Uniform I nternet measurings importantly reduced e-commerce entry bes and assistanceed render the rapid growth of e-commerce. In contrast, m-commerce work are constrained by a variety of wireless media communication normals ranging from world(a) (Satellite), regional (3G, IEEE 802. 11a/b, DoCoMo I-mode), to short distance (Bluetooth) (Shim and Rice, 2001).Cellular carriers use distinct systems and standards such as GSM (Global measure for wandering(a)), TDMA (Time Division three-fold Access), and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) to compete with apiece other (Leung and Antypas, 2001). M-commerce applications tend to be device and carrier cypherent. The wireless applications today chiefly use two technologies WAP and SMS. WAP (Wireless natural calling Protocol) is the display language knowing for cellular handhelds. It was created by Motorola, Ericsson, Nokia and Phone. com in 1997 when they founded the WAP Forum.WAP is a derivative of the XML/HTML language family, but it i s designed to operate without a keyboard or mouse. SMS (Short Message Systems/ serve) is a derivative of the old numeric paging network, with spare functionality for nonpartisan communication and support for text and attachments. there are more users of SMS today than of WAP, thank to cheaper utility and the far-flung avail superpower of low- represent, bipartizan paging devices from companies such as Motorola (Leung and Antypas, 2001). Until now, there has been no generic world-wide framework and standard for application railment using normal meandering(a) touch modality and access.In fact, wireless technology is still in its infancy and hindered by limited coverage and a diverseness of competing standards, which give the axe explain the slower-than- pass judgment adoption of m-commerce in the United States (Shim and Rice, 2001). Choosing from conflicting standards, products and features, gives level inured technophiles a headache. The pyramid of m-commerce applicati ons thereby presents a much more complicated process, in which many pieces must fall into place before the erratic phone plunder be seen as a real r pull downue generator.In addition to underlying networking root word and standards, it is the client devices that rattling determine what special operate loafer be standed. The big H in e-commerce applications is actually due to the far-flung use of PCs, which have a cope text input keyboard, large screen, lusty remembrance, and high touch on power. Contrarily, various m-commerce applications swan on the use of handheld devices. These devices localise from pagers, cell phones, and palmtops, to pocket PCs.Mobile devices such as cell phones and PDAs ( person-to-person Digital Assistants) have diminutive screens, some of which display lone(prenominal) three lines of text at once (Lucas, 2001). The displays are black and white with low liquidation there are no QWERTY keyboards, and no support for animation (Leung and Anty pas, 2001). Although WAP devices support a limited graphics format called Wbitmap, because spry devices have limited bandwidth and pocket-sized screens, any application that is heavily graphic or animation driven would not be suitable at this time.In addition, semi software program applications are relatively crude. There are no cookies or session controls, meaning that if the joining is lost, the application will restart earlier than continue from previous screens (Leung and Antypas, 2001). Web browsers and drop-down postings are un open, so companies must plan on character-based terminal applications with cursors and key entry forms. extensive selection lists or deep menu shapes will wear out the fingers of raze the most patient users (Moustafa, 2000 Jainschigg and Grigonis 2001).However, in contrast to PCs, cell phones do have their own unique features mobile, portable (small size), smooth articulatio communication, and machine-accessible to someones (primarily becaus e of portability) rather than to internal base or office. 2. 3 The Nature of improvements The wide accessibility of the Internet makes any e-commerce service globally available. The Web enables search and auction pitch of enough breeding, and sophisticated electronic transaction processes understructure be integrate comfortably with backend enterprise discipline systems.In contrast, the delivery of m-commerce applications relies on private wireless communication carriers. These run are usually delivered to a unique(predicate) region, and are rather undecomposable, more ainized, localization principle-particular proposition and time-sensitive. Since a mobile device usually accompanies a person wherever he or she goes, mobile services stick out be delivered to a person anywhere and anytime rather than to a dictated office or home. M-commerce therefore creates more of a intuition of enhanced intimacy with consumers than other office-based distribution channels.Time se nsitive, simple proceedings such as movie ticket purchases, banking, and travel reservations are believed to be the key applications that will percolate m-commerce (Lucas, 2001 Swartz, 2001-2). Other key drivers to m-commerce growth are situation-based applications such as traveler navigation, catch response, etc. (Secker, 2001 Rockhold, 2001 Swartz, 2001-1). Finally, in general we reason Internet based e-commerce into B2C (business to consumer) and B2B (business to business). The rapid growth of e-commerce started from the booming of dot. com companies aimed at online shopping and customer services.Gradually, the emphasis shifted to B2B, and more recently e-business, to bring reward of the real business tax of the Internet. In contrast, mobile commerce started from person to person communication, and gradually more services were introduced through interactions between people and systems checking the weather, determination a local restaurant, etc. M-commerce applications s tooge be utilise to serve some(prenominal)(prenominal) consumers and business people. Rather than apply B2C and B2B classifications to m-commerce, P2P (Person to Person) and P2S (Person to System) would be more detach to spokesperson communication the nature and trend of m-commerce applications.The details of m-commerce applications will be discussed in the next section. The major differences between m-commerce and e-commerce are summarized in dodge 1. knock back 1. Major Differences Between M-commerce and E-commerce E-commerce M-commerce ORIGIN Sponsorship Government-sponsored Internet Private mobile phone exertion Business entry exist premiere gear High customer access bell Free or low comprise Internet access High mobile service charge Customer base super educated computer users little educated cell phone customers engine room Message transmittance Packet-switched instruction transmission Circuit switched for streamlined section com munication Protocol TCP/IP, HTTPML GSM, TDMA, CDMA, 3G Standardization Highly standardized Multiple incompatible standards Connectivity Global primary(prenominal)ly regional Bandwidth High let out Identity URL with IP and domain name Phone number Application development General computer applications Device- particular(prenominal) applications port wine device Personal computers Cell phones and PDAs Mobility restore location Mobile Display boastful screen Small screen Main input mode Keyboard for full text input Voice with small key pad Main output mode Text and graphics Voice with small text display Local rocessing power Powerful CPU with large memory and disk space Limited processing power with small memory chip Software and Programming Support a variety of programming languages Java or limited script languages Trend Towards ordinariness Towards minimization SERVICES Service range Global Regional Delivery end point PC in office connected to the In ternet Person accompanied by a mobile device transaction complexity Complete and complex transactions Simple transactions Information stick outd overflowing info Simple and short messages quantify Less time- hypercritical Time critical Location-based service No Yes Target mobility Service to a fixed point Service to a touching pose Backend business connection Strong connection to backend business development Weak connection to backend business discipline systems systems Service classification B2C (business to consumer) and B2B (business to P2P (person to person) and P2S (person to system) business) 3. Key Factors in Designing M- concern ApplicationsOnce we have set the major differences between wireless mobile communication based m-commerce and Internet based e-commerce, we can identify the key factors that must be taken into consideration in pattern fosterful m-commerce applications. 3. 1 Mobility M-commerce opportunities can be very significant, if inves tors understand consumer groups intimately and develop ubiquitous solutions that recognize the role that mobility plays in consumers lives (Nohria and Leestma, 2001). In business services, not beingness forced to be hardwired enables a fraternitys employees to remain connected opus moving from office to office, or province to state they can tap into the unified network from airport lounges and hotel lobbies.For individual consumers, mobile devices elementaryally allow them to confirm in touch with their friends and families anywhere and anytime. For instance, characterizationphone users can take pictures wherever they go and send them affiliated with short notes to friends while shopping, traveling, or simply hanging out (Kunii, 2001). Beyond person to person mobile communication, additional note value can be generated by linking mobile consumers and existing services. Mobile consumers can access various services anytime and anywhere, presenting new market channels for bu sinesses. While traveling, a user may use a mobile phone to control a home burglar or fire disquietude system and to turn lights on or off as if at home (Fox, 2000). 3. 2 Personal identity and strengthened in requital implementsSince mobile devices, in particular cell phones, are registered by their contributors and comm save ac caller the person, it becomes feasible to identify and deliver individualise services to the user. A cell phone with additional protective covering information such as a pin down number or biometric identification technology can be used to identify a person. A payment mechanism may alike be strengthened into the cell phone system. It is then feasible to allow consumers to use their wireless phones as devices to make or trigger a payment (bus ticket, vendor machine etc. ), similar to the use of a quick batting order or an ATM machine. And there are even a a few(prenominal) vending machines that let users pay for soft drinks using their cell p hones (Fox, 2000). Credit display panel numbers could also be replaced by cellular phone numbers for wireless transactions.Relying on a third caller payment mechanism is always a big hurdle for Internet-based e-commerce because an IP book of facts cannot identify a person. However, this difficulty could be easily overcome in m-commerce with the use of an identifiable mobile device. Hence, cell phones by nature support e-Wallet applications in m-commerce, which is crucial to the victory of other applications. Certainly, systematic earnest solutions involving PKI (Public Key root) and biometric services should be adopted as salubrious (Young, 2001). As an example Obongo has modified its e-wallet software for use on wireless devices. A so-called m-wallet contains the brainpowerholders deem information, name, and mailing address, and is accessed with the push of a button.Once opened, the info indoors the wallet are transferred to the merchandiser to complete the payment ( Lucas, 2001). M-wallets make micro-payments easier and help carriers charge for advanced services such as digital media and game applications that consumers cannot get any other way (Swartz, 2001-2). as well pecuniary services, personalization in m-commerce can migrate into enjoyment (music and games, etc), suffice services and even personalized merchandise. Since mobile operators maintain personal information on bearrs, a CD vendor, for example, could simply ask customers to verify payment information and a expatriation address through their cell phone displays rather than have them fill out forms each time from scratch (Barnett, et al. 2000).Good potential applications of the content r maturation are personalized software that deliver highly targeted offers for large- or small-ticket items that consumers can act upon, even while wait in line (Lucas, 2001). 3. 3 Location-Based Services To date location-based services have been regarded as key enablers of m-commerces future triumph, tally to the current hype (Swartz, 2001-1). Portable geographical positioning systems (GPS) are becoming small and more affordable, at costs in the neighborhood of only round U. S. $200. These systems can be used not only to identify locations, but also for business to deliver location-sensitive services to users. The ability to target rich and relevant information to end-users give ups great potential value in location-based applications.For instance, it would be quite useful to provide campaign directions and local commercial services where users happen to be, such as near specialized restaurants, movie shows, bus schedules, weather reports and channelize tours in museums (Shaffer, 2000 Taaffe, 2001). Hence, one of the selling points of m-commerce applications is proximity. Go2Systems, in Irvine, Calif. , one of a swarm of vendors eyeing the uses of ALI (automatic location identification) information, linked with Coca-Cola to steer wireless customers to stores selling change state products (Jones, 2000). Coca-Cola, the worlds best-known brand, has ventured into the wireless world by providing its rise clients (McDonalds, Burger King and more than 800,000 U. S. estaurants) with the opportunity to soak up additional business by placing their call on Go2 Systems wireless services. Their 5-year, U. S. $30-million deal will allow customers to find the nearest Coke fountain location through their cellular phones with Go2 location-based direction services, which include addresses, turn-by-turn directions and one-click commerce (Swartz, 2001-1). CT movement, a location-based services developer, provides an m-coupon application, by which the mobile user can receive an electronic coupon from a seller in his or her particular(prenominal) location (Secker, 2001). calculate that a young teenager is locomote his skateboard through the park on a Saturday afternoon, when his cell phone beeps.It is a message from the Soda X entre that the loca l professional soccer group is playing tonight, and the store that he is coming is offering him half-price tickets for the game if he buys a pair of jeans today. Privacy concerns are critically important while implementing location-based advertising. realise mode may resolve the emersion of privacy, when a mobile user quests information and is volition to receive an advertisement (Secker, 2001). However, many location-based applications are still to be highly-developed few carriers have a strategy, let alone a business deterrent example (Swartz, 2001-1). Location-based services would have to be targeted highly well, in order to avoid damaging trusted relationships that merchants already have with customers.Location can be shaded not only for people but also for other objects. Cellpoint, a supplier of location-based services (LBS) software, provides the applications used to drop back remote control assets such as surpass vehicles and construction equipment, and also provid es telemetric products that allow remote machine-to-machine communications (Secker, 2001). It is also possible to trace a stolen car or a missing child that is stakeing a specially designed radio device. 3. 4 Time-critical liking purchasing Mobile phones are carried by their owners almost everywhere and kept switched on most of the time, especially in Europe, where mobile users are not supercharged for launching calls.Consumers can thus not only gain access to wireless services wherever there is a network presence but also withstand tabs on time-critical information such as stock market reports or imperative messages. Time-sensitive and simple transactions are other key to stimulate m-commerce. For some applications of m-commerce such as scanning news or purchasing books or other retail items, real-time transactions are not necessary. Nonetheless, there is a great deal of value in being able to monitor dynamic information through wireless handheld devices, such as aircraft fl ight status, shipping status, seat reservations or stock prices, and to alert the user when the information is updated (Shaffer, 2000 Schwartz, 2000 Leung and Antypas, 2001).There will be even more value in essential situations such as medical care, traffic accidents, emergency road service, and offensive reporting. Particularly with the mandate ALI (automatic location identification) entropy supplied by a few key vendors such as Xypoint, U. S government emergency systems like E911 (Enhanced 911) could be reformd (Jones, 2000). The United States FCC (Federal Communications Commission) mandates that the location of wireless callers be place during a 911 emergency call. The MapInfo (www. mapinfo. com) Location Management Platform (LMP) is used to enhance a carriers 911 service by automatically routing 911 calls to an appropriate Public Safety Answering draw a bead on (PSAP) for handling and dispatch. 3. 5 Special market place NichesMass-market consumers will be the really big users of m-commerce applications. And the customer base is large teeming for potential receipts in the medium to long term (Sweeney, 2001). A mavin sea wolf application would not work for everybody and there is going to be a whole set of niche applications that are relevant to each target audience. The mobile industry believes that location-based service advertising will have stimulated m-commerce so much that operators would eventually offer free phone charges to subscribers who are prepared to have advertising on their screens on a permanent basis. In particular, youth has a very omnipotent twist on this market (Secker, 2001).Actually, young people have been a major target of various m-commerce applications, particularly SMS and DoCoMo iMode services (Herman, 2000). at any rate focusing on youth, mobile operators also evoke marketing future mobile data technology much more aggressively to business users (Parsons, 2000). In any case, for new m-commerce opportunities, carr iers should be cautious roughly implementing applications that require changes in consumer behavior. If many technology hurdles are to be overcome, along with a equivalent unreasonable change in behavior, the application is improbable to succeed. extraly, price marketing is by far the most important in creating m-commerce value (Lamont, 2001).Mobile carriers therefore indigence to develop unique offerings for each target market segment or services targeted, concord to geographical location and demographics (Schneiderman, 2001). Learning about and analyzing customer psychology, and taking marketer perspectives would help carriers segment the mass-market and target specific to m-commerce applications. We actually get to shift our way of thinking to exploit the uniqueness of m-commerce applications that can be brought to bear in our lives, rather than to be confined to thinking within the limitations of mobile devices. The factors that need to be considered for m-commerce applica tions are summarized in Table 2.Table 2. Key Design Factors and classifiable Applications Factors Typical Applications Mobile communications (for business and personal contacts) Mobility Scheduling and coordination ( e. g. appointment arrangements, reminders, teleconferencing, etc. ) Location-sensitive Travel navigation ( control or base on balls directions) Local tours (exhibitions, shopping malls, etc) Locating local services (restaurants, gas stations, etc) Locating moving objects (missing children, stolen cars, etc) Short Message Services (SMS) Time-critical Time-critical information (flight schedules, weather reports, traffic information, stock prices) mite services (medical care, accident and rescue services, crime stoppers) Personal identification (secure entrance with biometry check) Personal identity Electronic payments (e-Wallet) personalized location-aware advertisement Language-specific services (automatically switch to or translate to desired language) Demographic partition (oriented to young people or business people). Special market niche-targeted Country part (tailored to specific country) 4. Synergy of Three Driving Forces For m-commerce growth we identify three major forces that impel its growth technology installation, evolution of new value duress, and active customer demand.We drive that the synergy of these three forces will eventually principal to the victor of m-commerce applications. 4. 1 Technology Innovation Technological raise is likely to bring about some novel applications for m-commerce. Here we identify several major technologies, improvements in which are expected to have a significant influence on m-commerce. The primary concern is with the capabilities of handhelds, the basic principle of mobile networks, the accuracy of geographic location information, and protection solutions. (1) Handhelds Low-cost, truly pervasive devices that present multi-modal information and perform transactions by nature can dramatically change what many people do and how they do it (Feldman, 2000).In the next several years, wireless devices will improve in interface design and information presentation. In countries like China and Japan, where the pen language has never fit well with a Western keyboard, handhelds that employ mitt or speech realization take care ideal (Herman, 2000). Wireless keypad mnemonics can also make the entry of data easier for consumers (Young, 2001). Subscriber identity modules (SIMs) may take over due to their competitive advantage over voice or keystroke activating (Chanay, 2001). Newer devices will use expandable mask screens undetermined of displaying up to 12 lines of text, more user-friendly keypads, and higher communication bandwidth (Lucas, 2001).Smart billhook memory capacity will lay down 1MB by 2005. The processing capability of burnished cards has increased and has given users the ability to enjoy more computationally intensive, high-value, transaction-based operations that require such features as digital signing and encryption (Moustafa, 2000). For those who crave the in the buff edge, there are DoCoMos (in Japan) awesome third-generation handhelds, which can capture and send high-quality discolour movies almost in real time (Kunii, 2001). By using a DoCoMo camera-phone, it is possible to imagine being in a store shopping for a introduce for a child and calling your married person to show her what you are thinking of buying.Besides improvements in user interfaces, applications and underlying middleware configurations will allow for interactions to switch communication modes smoothly without losing lucidness or the thread of conversation. The Java throwaway Forum has developed specifications for implementing Java on smart cards. Support of Java on SIMs will allow wireless terminals to go the Java developer community, simplifying the development of new services (Carrara, 2000). Overall, next-generat ion devices are expected to combine the functions of Personal Digital Assistants or PDAs (data exchange) and cell phones (verbal communication). (2) cyberspace infrastructure The current (second) generation of wireless networks and handhelds supports data rates of only 9. 6 kilobits per second, far below the 64 Kbps capabilities of landline copper wires.GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), the most vulgar cellular standard, is being extended by the GPRS (General Packet Radio System), which can support data rates of 112 Kbps, almost twice the rate of a standard computer modem and enough to support high-quality blow audio. True third-generation (3G) networks, based on the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System) standard, are predicted to raise the supreme rate to 2 Mbps one-fifth of the bandwidth available on the standard Ethernet in todays offices (Barnett et al. 2000) According to Ovum, 3G will first take hold in Asia and Europe, with the rest of the world trailing a year or two behind (Fitchard, 2001).Currently, the leader in the field is Japans existing second-generation, or 2G, digital networks that provide always-on connections for data transmission and support a wide range of online services from news, weather, and ticket-booking to downloads of games and ring tones (Kunii, 2001). Therefore, in the next several years, cross elements of 2G, 2. 5G and 3G will be in play simultaneously on wireless operator infrastructure. Bluetooth is a short-distance, radio-based, point-to-point technology that, theoretically, can go up to 1 Mbps, and has already entered the market (Herman, 2000). It will be very useful for enabling location-based applications. It allows a wireless device to exchange data with PCs, laptop computers, point-of-sale devices and other wired devices without being somaticly connected by wires or adapters.Bluetooth is support by more than 1,400 telecommunications and technology companies, including Motorola, Intel, and lambent Technologies (Lucas, 2001). (3) Geographic location technology Location-based personalized services have been heavily touted as a major application for m-commerce. In order to deliver such services, mobile devices (particularly cell phones) should be able to keep track of an individuals physical location as he or she moves about. Some companies are focusing on underlying technologies or services such as radio-based modes for determining where users are calling from, or software and systems that blend location data with other information (Shaffer, 2000).The FCC (Federal affair Commission) has stringent requirements for location services, in which carriers have to offer network-based systems that deliver location information with an accuracy of three hundred meters for 95% of calls and blow meters for 67% of calls (Brewin, 2001). For instance, an FCC ruling requires all wireless carriers to find a way to locate the location of the users dialing 911 emergency services. Although t he requirements are skirmish resistance from various carriers that say they cannot tally that level of accuracy or at least need more time to do so, some can couple the requirements with the portion of their networks that uses the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) standard. (4) certificate technology The lack of tribute is said to be one of largest barriers in delaying m-commerce implementation.In particular, security is a vital issue that affects the use of mobile technology in financial services, when account details and other privy information move across the networks (Dezoysa, 2001-2). With regard to securing transactions, PKI (public key infrastructure) is believed to be the best method to secure end-to-end transactions (Moustafa, 2000). Besides securing wireless transactions from the cell phone to the m-commerce provider, the phone must also be secured from fraudulent use. traditionalisticly, the SIM card that stores the subscribers account information is use d for identifying and authenticating the subscriber to the network. There are industry standards for SIMs used in digital wireless phones that help ensure that all SIM-based terminals can support any SIM applications and services a provider develops (Carrara, 2000).Dual chip phones even have an additional SIM-size slot for an independent multi-application chip card targeted at payment, such as a bank-issued WIM card (wireless identification module) or EMV card (a payment standard defined by Europay, Mastercard, and Visa International) and other banking solution applications (Dezoysa, 2001-2). In the near future, wireless biometric services will emerge as a common solution (Young, 2001). A biometric is a unique physical or behavioral characteristic of the human body, which may be canvas automatically. The absolute verification of a user makes biometrics the highest security level. Biometrics come in many forms.In 2000, reproduces were the most astray used biometric, accounting for 50% of the market, followed by hand geometry (15%), face recognition (12%), voice recognition (10%), handwritten signature recognition (8%), and iris scan (4%) (Biometric Industry news report, 2001). In recent years, biometrics have departed digital, and modern electronic systems are capable of distilling the arches, loops and whorls of conventional fingerprints into a numerical code. As an example, Champion Technology, a Hong Kong company, has launched a fingerprint recognition system, which takes only a few seconds to accomplish recognition (Leary, 2001). Biometric authentication offers some promise of strong and convenient security for cell phones, in which the subscribers signature or fingerprint can be thought of (mathematically) as a large random number (Crowe, 2001).These are easy for the owner to present to a machine but difficult for others to fake, and they cannot be lost, stolen or borrowed. The growing m-commerce industry eventually will settle on a set of solutions t o all of the different security problems, building end-to-end solutions that are secure, cost effective and easy for consumers to use. However, successfully implementing good quality solutions relies upon the acceptance of standards (either de facto or negotiated) within the highly interdependent functions of this industry. 4. 2 cheer Chain Evolution As we discussed above, m-commerce is primarily rooted in the cash-rich mobile phone industry.Therefore, equipment vendors and network operators have been dominant in the m-commerce world. And in some sense, the mobile operators own virtually all of the value chains (Donegan, 2000). Unfortunately, this operator-dominated value chain is not able to successfully deliver flawlessly integrated personalized services for mobile phone users, which is crucial to the success of m-commerce (Swartz, 2001-2). In theory, mobile operators could compete at all levels of the m-commerce value chain, from the provision of basic technical services to the supply of lucrative, customer-facing content, but this is simply not possible, since this will spread their skills and resources too thin.This has been abundantly demonstrated in the e-commerce marketplace, where different companies tend to invest and to focus on their specific expertise at particular levels of the value chain. There are some exceptions, where dominant companies such as Microsoft and General galvanising attempt to extend their reach vertically. Companies usually should concentrate on areas in which they naturally hold a competitive advantage. In m-commerce, mobile communication operators thus need to make difficult decisions about which move of the value chain to compete in and how and which parts to avoid. There are many critical roles that they may be able to play and a number of business models that may be suitable in these roles (Tsalgatidou and Pitoura, 2001).Some mobile data industry observers believe that, although Europe has a more advanced mobile co mmunication infrastructure, the European advancement to the m-commerce market will fail (Darling, 2001). They suggest that many European service providers privation to own the customers and to support all the applications that customers emergency to perform. Some mobile operators may even want to become banks or content providers in their own right but, even though carriers have all the critical capabilities in place, including location, shopping, e-wallets, promotion and personalization, without partnerships with knowledgeable merchants and intermediaries, prospective customers will have nothing to access. Therefore, partnerships between -commerce providers, interested content providers, and other businesses are critical to the success of m-commerce. Providing complex data services is a very different business from running a voice network, so carriers have to choose partners to provide content, and decide which services to offer their customers. In pursuing value-added services, more entrepreneurial companies have the products and capability to get them integrated and delivered to handhelds (Goldman, 2000). Also, since capitalizing on the promise of m-commerce requires an in-depth understanding of consumer behavior, significant opportunities near not just for providers of telecommunications services, but also for companies that have a rich and constitutional knowledge of consumer behavior.However, from the merchants point of view, building m-commerce applications will present huge challenges, so companies need to leverage superior consumer insights to develop powerful branded solutions with value outside their traditionalistic markets, particularly when forging alliances with telecommunications carriers (Nohria and Leestma, 2001). In a value chain, each party plays its specific role and gets its own benefits. Customer service charges depend on how much value the user receives, so there will be different pricing and business models for individual service s (Secker, 2001 Darling, 2001). Revenue manduction in m-commerce value chains, particularly in those of location-based services (LBS), involving mobile operators, equipment vendors and application developers, will require a significant make out of negotiation. As an example, CT Motion is an LBS application developer and equipment vendor, providing operators with a broadcast to enable deploying and managing LBS.CT Motion licenses its platform to operators, with an initial fee to cover basic hardware costs and licensing. Additional payments to CT Motion depend on the tax stream from application users. Thus, receipts share will essentially depend on the value of the application. For example, a company delivering a car theft convalescence service is doing most of the work and so it might receive 95 percentage of the revenue. For a simple application, the majority of the revenue will go to the operator and the platform enabler (Secker, 2001). In Table 3, we list the roles in an m- commerce value chain, the major players, and their corresponding sources of revenue. Table 3. Roles and Profit Sharing in the abide by Chain Role Tasks Major players Sources of revenue Equipment Supplier Manufacturing innovative handhelds and Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, etc Selling phones, equipment, or equipment sharing revenue with network operators for discounted cell phones Network Operator Developing and maintaining Traditional carriers such as Charges from increased network infrastructure to support mobile data Vodafone, Orange, Deutsche traffic communication Telekom, AT and NTT DoCoMo Service Hosting Providing basic enabling services such Existing Web-hosting companies Shared revenue with application as server hosting, data backup, systemsand system integrators such as providers integration and security control Oracle Portal provider Offering simple, categorized Internet door service providersFees charged to application information search facil ities crucial such as Freeserve, AirFlash, carriers and advertisers to m-commerce applications. Room33, Microsoft, Yahoo, AOL emailprotected Billing Handling various sophisticated illing Network operators such as Transaction fees or interest Facilitator mechanisms such as air-time-based, userVodafone, Orange, Deutsche charged to merchants or consumers patterns-based, specific Telekom, AT, NTT DoCoMo and application-based, location-based, etc banks and credit card companies Application supplier Providing various end-user services Existing Internet content Revenue from customers for such as ticket booking, e-mail providers such as Yahoo, AOL and services or products purchased checking, news scanning, and retail merchants (Coca-Cola, location-based services (LBSs) PepsiCo, Procter & Gamble, etc) To help observe the maturity of the various value chain components of m-commerce defined in Table 3, and to understand where provided development must occur, it is inf ormative to consider the inter-corporate linkages of m-commerce. This can be done tally to corporate contributions to required infrastructure, associated support services, and delivery of these services to customers. To this end, we have adapted the known University of Texas e-commerce model of Internet Economy Indicators (Whinston et al, 2001). In their model, there are four-spot layers (Internet infrastructure, Internet applications infrastructure, Internet intermediary, and Internet commerce).M-commerce differs significantly from e-commerce, as we have pointed out, although there is some circuit in the functional nature of both. In our m-commerce value chain model, we also propose four layers 1) Communications Infrastructure, 2) Applications Infrastructure, 3) M-commerce Intermediary, and 4) Mobile Commerce. employment from the top of Table 3, the Communications Infrastructure layer includes equipment suppliers and network operators. The Applications Infrastructure includes service hosting, portal providers, and software companies that develop relate software products and platforms. The M-commerce Intermediary layer includes commission facilitators, content providers, brokers, and market makers.Finally, the Mobile Commerce layer includes application providers that sell goods and services to customers. The interconnected and interdependent nature of these four layers of the value chain cannot be over-emphasized. Thus evolution in one layer will affect the other layers. For example, advances in the communications infrastructure, such as the widespread implementation of G3, will support new developments such as wireless video and bring more potential retail applications of mobile commerce that may be both time and location sensitive. barely services to support these will require further evolution in both applications infrastructure and intermediaries. 4. 3 Active Customer DemandWhat is missing from m-commerce is compelling content that will make peopl e want to use their handhelds to buy something. Consumers remain unconvinced about the wireless Web and user apathy towards wireless data services is believed to be one of the main factors delaying m-commerce implementation (Kelly, 2001). We propose that it is current narrowly-focused m-commerce applications (mainly on mobile Web systems) but not the fundamental nature of m-commerce, that frustrates consumers. The great advantage to people of eliminating fixed attachments to physical space, allows more strategic, creative, and flexible decisions and actually getting things accomplished (Kalakota and Whinston, 1996).Instead of waiting for grampus applications to stimulate passive consumers, we propose that fundamental consumer demand is the active force that can improve the chance of m-commerce success. The success of the cell phone industry has already proven the significance of this active driving force. nowadays there are an estimated 115 million cellular phone users in the U. S. (Schooler, 2001). Market growth has been quite encouraging. Compared to the U. S, in Asia and Europe mobile telephony adoption is even more advanced (Herman, 2000). In Japan, the number of cell-phone users has already reached 66 million (Kunii, 2001). 64% of the people in Finland have a mobile phone, while the rate in Sweden stands at 55. 2% (Kruger, 2000).In China, the enthusiasm for mobile phones has exceeded all forecasts, and the mobile subscriber base will probably reach 250 to 300 million in 2005, up from 68 million in 2000 (Sliwa, 2001). Recently, the population of cell phone users in China has reached cxxxv million, making it the world leader. Beyond enjoying the basic service of mobile verbal communication, consumers are beginning to demand much more from their cell phones. Two-thirds of Japans cell-phone users subscribe to one of many mobile data services offered by the countrys three cellular operators. Even though the actual demands vary according to different geograp hical locations and demographics, consumers have played a decisive role in the success or failure of m-commerce efforts.Most potential m-commerce successes will arise from consumer demand for additional value in their daily lives, and there is unlikely to be a single killer application that can spark m-commerce success. What consumers need is an adaptable package that can pacify various m-commerce services (personalized location-specific and time-sensitive). It is the variety of cost justification criteria adopted by consumers (in turn determined by demographics, regional cultures, current fashions, etc. ) that fundamentally affect their decisions concerning specific m-commerce services. According to a Nokia research study that focused on m-commerce services in the U. K. South Korea, Italy, USA, Brazil and Finland, the proportion of respondents that would carry out a transaction of more than U. S. $25 using a mobile device, ranged from 24 to 54 percent (Dezoysa, 2001-1). Also, 90 p er cent of all end-users surveyed that would consider using m-commerce, either now or some time in the future, would be willing to pay for its use. However, this is on the assumption that the mobile device is free. It is still uncertain whether the cost of next generation phones can be subsidized by operators and, if they are not, how the added cost of paying over $150 for a mobile phone might well affect this figure (Dezoysa, 2001-1). DoCoMo recently sell about 10,000 videophones at a U. S. $ calciferol price, with service limited to Tokyo (Kunii, 2001).In Europe, the cost of providing advanced handhelds equipped with high tech features is also likely to be in the neighborhood of $500 or more (Carrigan, 2001). For the additional cost of high tech handhelds to be acceptable, consumers will expect to be able to access many additional services that are of value to them. In Europe, where mobile users are not charged for incoming calls, consumers can thus not only gain access to wireles s services wherever there is a network presence but also keep tabs on time-critical information such as stock market reports or other urgent messages (Barnett et al. 2000). Such consumers are more likely to take advantage of these services.The focus in m-commerce needs to be on delivering simple, time-sensitive, and compelling applications that do not require a lot of training. If it takes too much time (e. g. more than 5 minutes) to conduct an m-commerce transaction, it might as well be done with a PC. iodin example is notification about tickets to entertainment and sporting events. A consumer can contact a ticketing agency, such as TicketMaster, to request notification of availability of tickets for sale for an future concert. When tickets meeting the consumers criteria become available, TicketMaster sends a message to the consumers wireless device and asks if the consumer wants to buy them or not. This is a simple yes-or-no transaction (Lucas, 2001).Any applications that requir e consumers to input much information will not work, because of keyboard limitations. For example, a visit to Barnes & Nobles WAP target to enter credit card number, address, and shipping information requires more than 100 keystrokes (Swartz, 2001-2). 4. 4 Synergy of three driving forces The success of m-commerce relies on the synergy of three driving forces technology innovation, value chain evolution and active customer demand. Technology innovation provides more useful functions with lower prices, creating value for customers and stimulating customer demand. Technology innovation also demands high-level collaboration through the value chain.Active customer demand provides rich revenue sources for the value chain and stimulates technology innovation and the development of new applications. order chain evolution ensures the collaboration of eight-fold parties through appropriate profit sharing, which in turn supports more technology innovation. finished positive interaction loo ps the three driving forces will eventually contribute to the success of m-commerce. This synergy is graphically illustrated in work 1. 5. Conclusions Are we ready for m-commerce? Differing perspectives of m-commerce may lead us to opposite answers. But our research into the nature of m-commerce shows that m-commerce applications are fundamentally different from those delivered in the Internet- based e-commerce environment.Simply transforming e-commerce services to cell phones or PDAs will merely demo the limitations of wireless handhelds and result in frustrating end-user experiences. Therefore, as we examine any guessing about m-commerce applications, we must attempt to exploit the unique features of mobile devices as well as to avoid their weaknesses. Furthermore, the eventual success of any m-commerce strategy depends on the synergy of the three driving forces we have identified technology innovation, value chain evolution, and active customer demand. Acknowledgement This res earch was sponsored by the research grant from Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada.The authors are pleasant for the anonymous referees constructive comments and valuable suggestions on the improvement of earlier version of the manuscript. References Barnett et al. (2000), ding Barnett, Stephen Hodges, Michael J. Wilshire, M-commerce an operators manual, The McKinsey quarterly New York 2000, No. 3, pp. 162-173 Biometric Industry Report (2001), 2000 Market Review, Biometric Technology Today, Jan. , pp. 9-11. Brewin, (2001), phellem Brewin, M-commerce hits snag as cell carriers encumber, Com